last final thesis of umer

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DECLARATIONThis is to certify that this thesis entitled “Yield and Economic Advantage of IntercroppingMaize using different densities and varieties of cowpea in Jijiga, Eastern Ethiopia” submittedto the Department of Dryland Crop and Horticulture Science, Mekelle University, in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of science in DrylandAgronomy, is my (Omar Hassan) own original research work under the guidance of mysupervisors Daniel Gebrekidan(PhD) and Alemtsahy Tsegay (PhD).I declare that the matter embodied in this thesis work has not been submitted earlier for award ofany degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge.Name of student: Omar Hassan ElmiName of the main adviser: Daniel Gebrekidan (PhD)Name of the Co-adviser: Alemtsehay Tsegay (PhD)Name of Postgraduate coordinatorName of Department headSignature and date_______________Signature and date_______________Signature and date_______________Signature and date _______________Signature and date ______________i
ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted at Jijiga University Eastern Ethiopia, during 2018 croppingseason to investigate the effect of maize-cowpea intercropping systems on the productivity of thecomponent crops, on soil fertility and investigate the cost effectiveness of intercropping. Maizevariety ‘Malkasa-4’ was intercropped with three varieties of cowpea (Kenketi, Black eye bean andBole) in a factorial combination of three population densities of 50%, 75% and 100% of therecommended population density along with sole crops of the respective varieties of cowpea andmaize in randomized complete block design with three replications. The Highest and lowest ofgrain yield(3184 1271and kg ha -1 ) were obtained from maize intercropped with 50% populationof cowpea, kenketi variety and maize intercropped with100% population of cowpea, Bole varietycowpea respectively. Sole (3189kg ha -1 ) maize record higher yield than intercropped maize(2210kg ha -1 ). The highest (8537kg ha -1 ) and lowest (4643 kg ha -1 ) biomass of maize was recordedfrom maize intercropped with cowpea at 50% and 100% planting density respectively. MoreoverSole maize (11682kg ha -1 ) was significantly superior (P<0.05) than the intercropped maize (6507kg ha -1 ) with regard to maize dry biomass. The highest grain yield (2298 kg ha -1 ) of cowpeavarieties was recorded for cowpea variety kenketi at planting density of 100% while the lowestgrain yield (696kg ha -1 ) was recorded for cowpea variety Bole at 50% planting density. Thehighest total LER (1.478) and net benefit (69264.81 Birr/hr) were recorded when 100% cowpea,Kenketi variety was intercropped with maize. Therefore, based on the above agronomic andeconomic evaluations, maize intercropped with cowpea variety kenketi at planting density of 100%of the cowpea can be recommended for intercropping of maize with cowpea in the study area.However, the experiment has to be repeated across over seasons with consideration of farmer’spreference of the cowpea varieties to reach at conclusive recommendation.Keywords: Maize, Intercropping, cowpea density, Land equivalent ratio, cowpea varieties.ii
Page 1: MEKELLE UNIVERSITYCoDANRYield and E
Page 5 and 6: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHThe author, Omar
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION.......
Page 9 and 10: 4.1.2 Soil analysis after Harvestin
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.Ethio-maize
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSA
Page 15 and 16: Cowpea is tolerant to a wide range
Page 17 and 18: 1.3.2 Specific objectives1. To eval
Page 19 and 20: around the world are planted under
Page 21 and 22: 2.3. Maize Production in EthiopiaEt
Page 23 and 24: Food products, like corn meal, corn
Page 25 and 26: 2.6. Origin, Distribution and World
Page 27 and 28: 2.8. Importance of IntercroppingCer
Page 29 and 30: (Rusinamhodzi et al., 2012). Simila
Page 31 and 32: Photo synthetically active radiatio
Page 33 and 34: usually reduces weed occurrence (Zu
Page 35 and 36: Ayisi, 2005). Higher plant densitie
Page 37 and 38: The Somali Regional State has a bim
Page 39 and 40: maize. The treatments combinations
Page 41 and 42: using a spectrophotometer (Olsen et
Page 43 and 44: For cowpeaNumber of pods per plant:
Page 45 and 46: Net benefit (NB): was calculated by
Page 47 and 48: Moreover, the pH value was 7.71, wh
Page 49 and 50: 2002). In addition to that, the dif
Page 51 and 52: allows sole crops to extend its veg
Page 53 and 54:
cowpea increased, the height of the
Page 55 and 56:
of ears per plant in intercropped m
Page 57 and 58:
variety. This result was in conform
Page 59 and 60:
The highest HI (47.86%) was recorde
Page 61 and 62:
Table 10.Effects of densities and v
Page 63 and 64:
Table 11.Interaction effect of the
Page 65 and 66:
Table 12.Effects of component densi
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Significantly higher number of pods
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density of cowpea to 50%. This decr
Page 71 and 72:
Harvest Index (%)Harvest index of c
Page 73 and 74:
Tauro et al. (2013) showed that whe
Page 75 and 76:
The highest net benefit (69,264.81
Page 77 and 78:
varieties and planting density of c
Page 79 and 80:
Altieri, M.A., Glaser, D.L. & Schmi
Page 81 and 82:
Chemeda F, 1996, Effect of bean and
Page 83 and 84:
Demessew Mengesha,2002. Effect of p
Page 85 and 86:
Florentine, S.K. & Fox, J.E.D., 200
Page 87 and 88:
IPS (Industrial Project Service), 2
Page 89 and 90:
Li L, Sun JH, Zhang FS, Li XL, Yang
Page 91 and 92:
Africa and Australia. Eds: Whitebre
Page 93 and 94:
Raji, J.A. (2007). Intercropping so
Page 95 and 96:
Sisay, T., (2004).Effect of plantin
Page 97 and 98:
USDA, 2016. United States Departmen
Page 99 and 100:
APPENDIXESAppendix Table 1.Mean squ
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix Table 5.Mean square values
Page 103 and 104:
Experimental Photos90
Page 105:
92
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