jenerik

Pulmonary and
Extrapulmonary
Tuberculosis
Cüneyt Tetikkurt BSc MD
Professor of Pulmonary Medicine
Pulmonary Diseases Department
Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
NOBEL TIP KİTABEVLERİ

Preface
Tuberculosis is a historical disease that has existed for many years all over the
world that will continue to be an extremely serious major health problem in the
future, especially in the developing countries. Today, the inclusion of many new
immunosuppressive agents in various treatment protocols commenced for malignant
or autoimmune diseases and the significant increase in diseases compromising
the immune system have led to the emergence of tuberculosis as a serious
health problem in developed countries as well. As these facts appear to be a significant
concern for tuberculosis there still exists a remarkable ignorance relevant to
the significance and severity of the disease. This illiteracy induces major sequela
concerning the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis that leads to the rapid
spread of the infection along with the emerging of the drug resistant bacilli.
This book has been prepared to reveal the basic diagnostic facts along with the
treatment principles, as well as the solution of the two rapidly increasing problems
mentioned above including the prevention of rapid spread and drug resistant
bacilli. The format of the book is easy to understand and has been prepared in an
order for daily practice, in a way to include only sufficient information along with
the contribution of the current data for tuberculosis and without unnecessary details.
This resource will be of great benefit to all clinicians, specialists, residents and
students, especially to academicians dealing with tuberculosis. I fully believe that
the book will answer all the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic questions
about tuberculosis in regard to clinical practice along with a theoretical basis.
Cüneyt Tetikkurt
Fenerbahçe September 2021
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Contents
Definition........................................................................................................ 7
Epidemiology.................................................................................................. 8
Pathophysiology............................................................................................ 10
Pathology....................................................................................................... 14
Clinical manifestations................................................................................. 15
Pulmonary tuberculosis......................................................................................15
Miliary tuberculosis.............................................................................................18
Complications of pulmonary tuberculosis.......................................................22
Laboratory findings.............................................................................................25
Radiology..............................................................................................................26
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis....................................................................... 47
Pleural tuberculosis.............................................................................................48
Lymph node tuberculosis...................................................................................51
Tuberculous pericarditis.....................................................................................55
Bone and joint tuberculosis................................................................................57
Tuberculosis of the central nervous system.....................................................63
Cutaneous tuberculosis.......................................................................................69
Genitourinary tuberculosis................................................................................71
Abdominal tuberculosis......................................................................................75
Endocrine manifestations of tuberculosis........................................................80
Ocular tuberculosis.............................................................................................84
Oral tuberculosis..................................................................................................86
Treatment...................................................................................................... 88
Tuberculosis in the elderly..................................................................................91
Tuberculosis in pregnancy..................................................................................92
Tuberculous treatment in patients with comorbid diseases...........................94
Tuberculosis in HIV patients.............................................................................95
Silico-tuberculosis...............................................................................................96
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)...................................................97
Latent tuberculosis ...........................................................................................100
TNF-α treatment and tuberculosis..................................................................103
Treatment definition of tuberculosis...............................................................104
General aspects of tuberculosis treatment.....................................................105
Side effects of tuberculosis treatment......................................................... 107
Surgery in tuberculosis.....................................................................................109
Radiology cases of tuberculosis.................................................................. 110
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