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166 THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK ROB LaPOINTE FASTENER SCIENCE SPECTROSCOPY – THE ELEMENTAL CODE BEHIND THE CHEMISTRY OF METAL from page 154 TABLE 1. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MONEL 400. The typical format for spectroscopy results is a table of chemical elements detected and their amount present as a percentage. See Table 1 for an example of Monel 400. Monel is a nickel-copper based alloy that is known for its resistance to corrosion. You can see in Table 1 that nickel and copper make up most of the material and many other elements contribute much less than 1 % individually and only a few percent cumulatively. A chemistry result is often reported by listing all the elements present by percentage and the base element as the remaining balance. The reason for this is to not cause confusion if the sum of all the percentages is not equal to 100 %. Although this seems illogical, it is possible because not all the elements are observed as some are below the limit of detection of the instrument. It is also possible that, due to the precision of the instrument, the percentages have a margin of error that may cause a sum other than 100%. Notice that there is no inherent declaration in the data that says the material is Monel 400. The spectrometer simply sees the elements and their amounts as part of the whole. Declaring conformance to the Monel standard requires a comparison of the data to the standard. The standard will declare an acceptable range of contents or a maximum or a minimum limit. Normally, a chemistry test does not identify the material. To identify the material, a comparison between the data and a standard is required. There are some instruments that perform the task of identification by comparing the data measured with material standards. When ordering a chemistry test, it is good to understand whether you need to identify the material or to test for conformance to a material standard. They are often sold as different tests and are performed on different instruments. Spectroscopy enables us to determine the chemical makeup of any material that is producing an emission spectrum. This is quite amazing as there is no distance limitation for the travel of light from the atom producing it to the detector. This method of chemical analysis is how we determine what chemical elements stars and interstellar gas clouds are made from. In fact, the element helium (named after the Greek work for the sun, Helios) was first discovered in the emission line spectrum of the sun during a solar eclipse observation in 1868 using a spectrograph. Spectroscopy is a valuable tool in physics and material science. ROB LaPOINTE / EXPEDITE TESTING SERVICE
FASTENER FAIR USA NASHVILLE, TN - MAY 16-17, <strong>2023</strong> CONTINUED ON PAGE 171
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SUMMER 2023

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