Effects of isochaborat testosterone on the kidney rats

Review of Literature
1.2.1.Nephron
Ultrastructurally, the nephron is the functional representative of the kidney. Each
nephron contains a renal corpuscle and renal tubule (Wen et al., 2020).
The glomerulus is a web of arterioles and capillaries, with a special filter which
filters the blood that runs through the capillaries (Maly et al., 2020).
The glomerular membrane is designed in a way in which it is not permeable for
big molecules in blood, but it is permeable to the smaller substances (Ullah et al.,
2020).
So in the filtered fluid that goes to the renal tubule, we have both necessary and
unnecessary substances. Because of this, the tubules are designed in a way that
they reabsorb the necessary substances and carries them back to the blood whereas they
do not absorb but rather secrete unnecessary substances (Jang et al., 2020).
In this way, the consistency of blood is preserved and no important substances
are lost. On the other hand, the products of cellular metabolism and drug metabolites
are eliminated from the blood which prevents their depositing in the body and potential
toxicity (Liu et al, 2020).
1.3.Vasculature and lymphatic drainage
1.3.1.Arteries
Each kidney is supplied by a single renal artery, arises from the abdominal
aorta. Both renal arteries arise just below the superior mesenteric artery. In addition to
the renal artery, accessory renal arteries are present too (Hughson et al., 2020).
When the renal arteries enter the kidneys through the hilum, they split into
anterior and posterior branches. The posterior branch supplies the posterior part of
kidney, whereas the anterior branch devides into five segmental arteries, each supplying
a different renal segment. The segmental arteries then branches into the interlobar
arteries, which further branch into the arcuate arteries. Finally, the arcuate arteries
branch into the interlobular arteries which branch off even further by giving afferent
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