Effects of isochaborat testosterone on the kidney rats

Review of Literature
Transdermal preparations have the advantage to mimic the normal
physiological diurnal rhythm. This preparation is applied to the skin once a day in
doses of 50-100 mg (1%) testosterone. Oral TU is not normally used in clinical
therapy, due to the low bioavailability necessitating administration three times a day
(Albano et al., 2021).
Monitoring of long-term testosterone replacement therapy should according to
the Endocrine Society Guidelines include measurements of total serum testosterone,
haematocrit and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at 3 to 6 months and at 12 months and
annually after initiating testosterone therapy (Liu and Wu, 2019).
There has been increase in testosterone in most countries over more than a
decade. Testosterone prescription in Egypt has increased three fold over 13 years
(2006-2019), rising from 6600 to 17,100 individual male patients 40 years or older
(Harvey et al., 2019).
Testosterone is also used off-label in cross-sex hormone treatment in females
with gender dysphoria (GD). GD is defined as the feeling of discomfort in individuals
whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth (Anawalt, 2019).
The number of persons with a GD diagnosis has increased during the last five
years. The increase has been most pronounced among children and adolescents aged
13-17, especially among individuals assigned female at birth (Santos and Coomber,
2017).
The treatment for individuals diagnosed with GD includes psychotherapy,
cross-sex hormone treatment and sex reassignment surgery if the patient desires. The
physical changes induced by testosterone replacement therapy in females-to-males
(transgender males (TM)) (Zahnow et al., 2018).
The Clinical Practice Guidelines for treatment of gender dysphoric persons,
suggest that total serum testosterone should be monitored every third months during
the first year of hormone therapy and then once or twice yearly (Baggish et al., 2017).
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