Production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil - BAFF

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A5. Current expansion of sugar-cane growing ............ 38 A5.1 How would you quantify Brazil’s domestic demand for sugar and sugar exports? ........................................................... 38 A5.2 How would you quantify Brazil’s ethanol demand and exports? .............................................................................. 38 A5.3 What are the sugar-cane supply and sugar and ethanol production forecasts for the year 2012? .................................... 38 A5.4 What is the investment level needed and who is financing it? ................................................................................ 39 A5.5 What are the assumptions for that expansion to succeed relying on a steady ethanol market? ............................ 39 B. Sugar-cane and ethanol production: environmental aspects ......................................................41 B1. Soil use (food, energy): the Brazilian context ................................................................ 41 B1.1 Won’t the increase in sugar-cane production, taking up huge areas in Brazil, bring about difficulties with food production? ................................................................................ 41 B1.2 Nevertheless, could the expansion threaten areas where important biomes are intended to be preserved? .......... 41 B2. Brazil’s environmental legislation, as applied to sugar-cane, sugar and ethanol production ........................................................... 43 B2.1 Is any environmental permit required from sugar and ethanol production units in Brazil? ...................................... 43 B2.2 How can the process of granting an environmental permit be described? ................................................................. 44 B2.3 Are there any emission control statutes and requirements relating directly to the sugar-cane, sugar and ethanol production processes? ........................................... 44 B2.4 What are today’s environmental requirements for the burning of sugar-cane straw in the field? ................................... 45 B2.5 Is there any regulation to control the use of vinasse as a fertilizer? ............................................................................. 46 B2.6 Are there any statutes on emissions of atmospheric pollutants from boilers fed with sugar-cane bagasse? ................ 46 9
10 B2.7 What are the regulations for the use of water in the industrial processing of sugar-cane into ethanol and sugar? ...... 47 B3. Production: conservation of soils and water resources, utilization of agrochemicals, agricultural practices, and industrial waste ......... 49 B3.1 What is the impact of sugar-cane crops and the processing of sugar-cane into ethanol on the availability of water in Brazil? ...................................................................... 49 B3.2 What are the impacts of sugar-cane growing on the loss of farming soils (erosion, quality in Brazil’s Center-South region)? ............................................................... 50 B3.3 What is the impact of the use of agrochemicals (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides) by Brazil’s sugar-cane growing activity? ...................................................... 50 B3.4 What is the relative use of fertilizers for sugar-cane in Brazil and what is the environmental impact of it? .................... 51 B4. Ethanol use: effect on vehicle and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions ........................ 52 B4.1 What are the environmental benefits associated with the use of ethanol? ..................................................................... 52 B4.2 Is the emission of aldehydes due to the use of ethanol a problem? ................................................................................. 52 B4.3 Is it true that the use of ethanol-gasoline blends increases NOx emissions? ......................................................... 53 B4.4 Does the addition of ethanol to gasoline cause volatile compound emissions? ................................................................ 53 B4.5 Is it true that the ethanol produced from sugar-cane in Brazil is much more efficient than that produced from corn (or other cereals) in other countries as a greenhouse effect mitigating factor? .......................................... 54 C. Sugar-cane and ethanol production: social impacts ...........56 C1. The Labor legislation in the sugar-cane agribusiness ......................................................... 56 C1.1 What is the legislation applicable to the capital-labor relations in the sugar-cane agribusiness? ................................... 56 C1.2 What legislation applies to workers’ safety and health? ............. 56
Page 1 and 2: Production and use of fuel ethanol
Page 4: President Eduardo Pereira de Carval
Page 8 and 9: Contents A. Fuel ethanol: Activitie
Page 12: C1.3 What are the unions in the sug
Page 15 and 16: 14 formulators of C gasoline: they
Page 17 and 18: 16 up to 10 percent ethanol to be a
Page 19 and 20: 18 A1.9. What are Flex-Fuel vehicle
Page 21 and 22: 20 A2.3. What were the main foundat
Page 23 and 24: 22 for molasses and ethanol, whatev
Page 25 and 26: 24 A2.8. When, how and why did the
Page 27 and 28: 26 The term of transactions, financ
Page 29 and 30: 28 decision. In most commercially a
Page 31 and 32: 30 A3. Institutional and tax-relate
Page 33 and 34: 32 A3.4. What is the taxation line
Page 35 and 36: 34 A4. Institutional and economic a
Page 37 and 38: 36 A4.5. How is sugar-cane paid for
Page 39 and 40: 38 A5. Current expansion of sugar-c
Page 41 and 42: 40 For the domestic market, the set
Page 43 and 44: 42 almost all of the expansion (94
Page 45 and 46: 44 B2.2. How can the process of gra
Page 47 and 48: 46 B2.5. Is there any regulation to
Page 49 and 50: 48 The use of surface or undergroun
Page 51 and 52: 50 B3.2. What are the impacts of su
Page 53 and 54: 52 B4. Ethanol use: effect on vehic
Page 55 and 56: 54 Because there is a tendency to e
Page 57 and 58: 56 C. Sugar-cane and ethanol produc
Page 59 and 60: 58 Collective bargaining instrument
Page 61 and 62:
60 As to income distribution (engag
Page 63 and 64:
62 C2.4. How are employment levels
Page 65 and 66:
64 C3. Social responsibility practi
Page 67 and 68:
66 D. Technologies: evolution and p
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Production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil - BAFF

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