Production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil - BAFF

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• State Tax: Tax on Products and Services (ICMS). Since it is added to gasoline at the fuel distributor’s, the ICMS rate is the same as on gasoline. As general rule, the rate of the ICMS on gasoline is 25 percent. c) Exports: For ethanol exports, whether hydrated or anhydrous, none of the foregoing taxes are imposed by virtue of a constitutional tax immunity. A. Fuel ethanol: Activities in Brazil and the world context 33
34 A4. Institutional and economic aspects of sugar-cane growing A4.1. What is the sugar-cane crop period in Brazil’s Center-South region? The Brazilian sugar and ethanol industry is a processor of the agricultural product that is sugar-cane. Sugar-cane is a type of grass that, once matured, has a great content of sugars (approximately 1/3 of the dry stalk matter). Sugar-cane is a semi-perennial crop, as it can be harvested with no need for replanting fro 5 to 7 harvesting seasons (i.e. 5 to 7 years). Following that period, a rotation can be made by growing a different crop in the land for one crop period (peanuts, for example), whereupon sugar-cane growing is resumed. In Brazil’s Center-South region, the sugar-cane harvesting period extends for 8 months, on average, commencing in April and ending in November. Once it is harvested, sugar-cane cannot be stored; it must be received at the industrial plant within no longer than 72 hours of its harvesting in order to avoid quality losses due to the action of bacteria and yeasts. Sugar-cane harvested more than 5 days earlier is usually not accepted by the plants. For this reason, ethanol is produced from sugarcane during only 8 months of the year, when sugar-cane is available. For the other 4 months, the plant stops and undergoes maintenance procedures. Since the demand for sugar and ethanol is constant during the 12 months of the year, the amount of ethanol produced during the 8 crop months must be sufficient to supply the market with the fuel all through the year (leading to storage costs). The industry also has to adjust to other typical characteristics of agriculture: crop falls or increases due to climatic conditions or other variable that can lead to conflicts between supply and demand. A. Fuel ethanol: Activities in Brazil and the world context
Page 1 and 2: Production and use of fuel ethanol
Page 4: President Eduardo Pereira de Carval
Page 8 and 9: Contents A. Fuel ethanol: Activitie
Page 10 and 11: A5. Current expansion of sugar-cane
Page 12: C1.3 What are the unions in the sug
Page 15 and 16: 14 formulators of C gasoline: they
Page 17 and 18: 16 up to 10 percent ethanol to be a
Page 19 and 20: 18 A1.9. What are Flex-Fuel vehicle
Page 21 and 22: 20 A2.3. What were the main foundat
Page 23 and 24: 22 for molasses and ethanol, whatev
Page 25 and 26: 24 A2.8. When, how and why did the
Page 27 and 28: 26 The term of transactions, financ
Page 29 and 30: 28 decision. In most commercially a
Page 31 and 32: 30 A3. Institutional and tax-relate
Page 33: 32 A3.4. What is the taxation line
Page 37 and 38: 36 A4.5. How is sugar-cane paid for
Page 39 and 40: 38 A5. Current expansion of sugar-c
Page 41 and 42: 40 For the domestic market, the set
Page 43 and 44: 42 almost all of the expansion (94
Page 45 and 46: 44 B2.2. How can the process of gra
Page 47 and 48: 46 B2.5. Is there any regulation to
Page 49 and 50: 48 The use of surface or undergroun
Page 51 and 52: 50 B3.2. What are the impacts of su
Page 53 and 54: 52 B4. Ethanol use: effect on vehic
Page 55 and 56: 54 Because there is a tendency to e
Page 57 and 58: 56 C. Sugar-cane and ethanol produc
Page 59 and 60: 58 Collective bargaining instrument
Page 61 and 62: 60 As to income distribution (engag
Page 63 and 64: 62 C2.4. How are employment levels
Page 65 and 66: 64 C3. Social responsibility practi
Page 67 and 68: 66 D. Technologies: evolution and p
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