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Human dimensions of invasive alien species in Sri Lanka Buddhi Marambe, Channa Bambaradeniya, D.K. Pushpa Kumara and Nirmalie Pallewatta Abstract Non-native plants and animals are invading the natural and agricultural ecosystems of Sri Lanka, threatening the country’s biodiversity. Human intervention has been identified as the major factor that has influenced the introduction and spread of the invasive alien species in this island nation. Seed exchange between botanic gardens and intentional introductions of plant species for their horticultural and soil conservation values are the major modes of introduction and spread of invasive plants alien to Sri Lanka. Several attempts have been made to eradicate or manage invasive alien plant populations with community participation, but with little success. Poor coordination of programmes and insufficient involvement of major stakeholders are the major constraints to the successful implementation of the management programmes for invasive alien species in Sri Lanka. The need for a national invasive alien species action plan for the country is highlighted. Introduction <strong>Alien</strong> species are invading the natural and agricultural ecosystems of Sri Lanka, causing tremendous damage to available resources. Generally identified as exotic, alien, non-native or non-indigenous species, and in special occasions as weeds, these invasives get into our ecosystems by various means. Fast-growing alien plants encroach from populations established outside target ecosystems. They escape cultivation and become agricultural pests, infest lawns as weeds, displace native plant species, reduce wildlife habitat, and alter ecosystem processes. Across Sri Lanka, invasive alien plants and animals have become a serious threat to native species, natural communities, and ecosystem processes. They also exact a costly toll from human economies that depend on resources and services provided by healthy ecosystems. Examples include clogging of important waterways by aquatic invasives, leading to increased costs in maintaining irrigation schemes. Factors which make the threats posed by IAS very important to Sri Lanka are: small size of the country; its island nature and developing status; an evolutionary history which has resulted in high levels of species endemism in the southwestern part of the country; and the current highly threatened status of many endemic species and their habitats. Records show that many species of alien biota (especially plants) were introduced to Sri Lanka during the past 500 years, a period during which the country was subject to colonial rule, commencing with the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch and finally by the British up to 1949. Information from this era shows that most introductions were intentional. In contrast, current trends suggest an increase of unintentional introductions, reflecting perhaps the change in the 135
Buddhi Marambe, Channa Bambaradeniya, D.K. Pushpa Kumara and Nirmalie Pallewatta drivers of IAS spread which have taken place over the past fifty years. The emerging interest in IAS and their impacts on biodiversity can be directly attributed to the rising levels of environmental consciousness among the general public and more specifically to awareness of the need to preserve the biological heritage of the country in the face of inevitable development pressures. This paper will present an overview of the human dimensions of IAS in Sri Lanka, using examples and emphasizing threats to preservation of native biodiversity. It will discuss the emerging scenario for addressing issues of IAS at both national and regional scales and recommend priority interventions. An overview of the human dimensions of IAS in Sri Lanka Observations made over the past four years have documented 34 species of invasive alien biota, consisting of 13 animal species (Table 1) and 21 plant species (Table 2). Twelve are aquatic and 22 are terrestrial. Table 1 Invasive alien fauna in natural ecosystems of Sri Lanka. Invasive species Distribution Affected ecosystems 1. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Montane Zone Streams 2. Clown knife fish Chitala chitala Lowland Wet Zone Tanks, ponds, slowflowing rivers, marshes. 3. Plectosomus catfish Hypostomus plecostomus 4. Guppy Poecilia reticulata 5.Tilapia Sarotherodon mossambicus 6. Snake-skin gouramy Trichogaster pectoralis 7. Golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata 8. Giant african snail Achatina fulica Lowland Wet Zone Tanks, ponds, slowflowing rivers, marshes. Island-wide Tanks, ponds, slowflowing rivers, marshes, streams. Island-wide Tanks, reservoirs, slowflowing rivers, marshes. Dry and Intermediate Zones Tanks, reservoirs, marshes, streams. Lowland Wet Zone Tanks, ponds, marshes Island-wide Natural and managed terrestrial habitats 9. Slug Laevicaulis alte Island-wide Natural and managed terrestrial habitats Slug 10. Semperula maculata 11. Semperula siamensis Island-wide Natural and managed terrestrial habitats 12. House rat Rattus rattus Island-wide Natural and managed terrestrial habitats 13. Domestic/feral buffalo Bubalus bubalis Island-wide Forests 136
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IUCN Biodiversity Policy Coordinati
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The Great Reshuffling Human Dimensi
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Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . .
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Preface Expanding international tra
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Definitions of key terms Alien spec
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An introduction to human dimensions
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abundant and many others that will
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lizards were not well adapted to su
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migrations (Veitch and Clout, this
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At least some invasive species of p
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American West, despite the powerful
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lines are established by the way pe
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■ Identifying measures that work
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Human Perceptions
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Richard N. Mack preferences for foo
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Richard N. Mack acceptance of a foo
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Richard N. Mack The authorities soo
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Richard N. Mack overt expressions o
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Richard N. Mack Veitch firms in Bri
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Richard N. Mack Conclusions Humans
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Tim Low contributed to Krakatau’s
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Tim Low in Florida and Hawaii espec
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Tim Low As Horsman and Marshall (19
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Tim Low machines) might be recognis
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Vivian Parker managers, relying upo
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Vivian Parker is evident that prior
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Vivian Parker natural areas as if t
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Vivian Parker Evolutionary theory c
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Vivian Parker ecosystem (Cole, 1985
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Vivian Parker listening to the Eart
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Richard J. Blaustein and Southern p
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Richard J. Blaustein Southeast serv
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Richard J. Blaustein Kudzu’s inte
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Richard J. Blaustein no measures ag
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout As a res
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout Crop, li
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout carcasse
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout to New Z
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Economic Issues
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Montserrat Vilà and Jordi Pujadas
Page 81 and 82: Who should pay? Economic dimensions
Page 83 and 84: States. Alternatives will be diffic
Page 85 and 86: ■ Category 1 - Intentional Introd
Page 87 and 88: appropriate international fund. In
Page 89 and 90: Invasive alien species prevention a
Page 91 and 92: Identity Our identity is who we per
Page 93 and 94: Belief Structure A belief is “con
Page 95 and 96: “This IAS could cause severe impa
Page 97 and 98: Example A Interviewer “Why did yo
Page 99 and 100: The process of changing belief The
Page 101 and 102: Table 4 Neuro-Logical Levels at whi
Page 103 and 104: policy maker must respond to the cr
Page 105 and 106: Dealing with the human dimensions o
Page 107 and 108: 3. Day to day decisions may be assi
Page 109 and 110: The type of effects which are relev
Page 111 and 112: New Zealand legislation also genera
Page 113 and 114: Piero Genovesi and Sandro Bertolino
Page 119 and 120: Putting people first in a invasive
Page 121 and 122: Transformation and Empowerment Empo
Page 123 and 124: Bureaucratic institutional systems
Page 125 and 126: Llewellyn C. Foxcroft Fig. 1 Kruger
Page 127 and 128: Llewellyn C. Foxcroft and two major
Page 129 and 130: Llewellyn C. Foxcroft Pereskia acul
Page 131: Llewellyn C. Foxcroft is the awaren
Page 135 and 136: Buddhi Marambe, Channa Bambaradeniy
Page 141 and 142: The human dimensions of invasive wo
Page 143 and 144: livestock, for example Prosopis spp
Page 145 and 146: 19th century ship pilot, who first
Page 147 and 148: Table 2 Views about and perception
Page 149 and 150: Failures: ■ poor natural history
Page 151 and 152: Forestry Numerous shrubs and woody
Page 153 and 154: Natural resources and processes The
Page 155 and 156: clearly show that the topic is high
Page 157 and 158: Sarah Hayden Reichard and Peter Whi
Page 167 and 168: George W. Staples beneath the more
Page 169 and 170: George W. Staples present time the
Page 171 and 172: George W. Staples role in the sprea
Page 173 and 174: George W. Staples resources are pou
Page 175 and 176: Planning Future Responses
Page 177 and 178: Johan Hattingh assumptions about ou
Page 179 and 180: Johan Hattingh nothing but power fo
Page 181 and 182: Johan Hattingh interpretations has
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Johan Hattingh 5. Alien species are
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Johan Hattingh Within this ethic, i
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Johan Hattingh values to explain wh
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R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Mait
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Maj de Poorter switch geographical
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Maj de Poorter someone has taken th
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References Azorin, E. 1992. The Pot
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References Capaldi, E.D. 1996. Cond
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References Dahlsten, D.L. 1986. Con
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References Fryer, J.D. and R.J. Cha
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References Harvey, D. 1989. The Con
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References Kenward, R.E. 1989. Bark
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References Lyman, B. 1989. A Psycho
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References Meyer, W.B. and B.L. Tur
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References Perrier de la Bathie, H.
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References Santiapillai, Charles, S
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References Thornton, I.W.B., Compto
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References White, P. and G. Newton-
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List of workshop participants and c
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Perrault, Anne Center for Internati
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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