Alien Species.vp - IUCN

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INTERNATIONAL Globalisation of economies Globalisation and integration of forestry & agricultural enterprise Expanding infrastructure Changing agricultural enterprise Arrival of new propagules Global economic trends Magnitude of International trade Economic trends Changing horticultural enterprise International communication links Fragmentation of landscape Volume and network of international links Post-apartheid transformation Changing forestry enterprise Biological invasions Human population size, movements 203 Human dimensions of invasive alien species Human population growth International treaties Changes in laws policies & regulations Fire regimes Disturbance regimes Global climate change Growth and maturation of invasion ecology Invader control options Changing views and practices in conservation Changes in limiting factors Changing views on alien species Loss of ecosystem services Loss of biodiversity SOUTH AFRICA Fig. 1 A summary of the driving forces for biological invasions illustrating their multidimensional nature and complex interactions.
R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Maitre, and David M. Richardson uncertainty provides the “The Strength of the Economy” logic (Fig 2). The other key uncertainty is the impact of possible changes in laws, policies and regulations which address biological invaders either directly and indirectly. Thus the second scenario logic is “Laws, Policies and Regulations”. Fleshing out the scenarios The scenario or story is developed in the following manner: using our matrix of interactions again, we developed for each quadrant of the scenario axes, or logics, the likely outcomes of the interactions in the form of description of the outcomes of the driving forces and their interactions (Fig. 3). Naming the scenarios An important part of scenario development is the naming of scenarios (Schwartz, 1992). These should conjure up an image of what occurs within that scenario. They convey immediately the essence of the scenario without having to spell out all the details. Based on the descriptions developed for each scenario (Fig. 3) we have named our scenarios as follows: New Mosaic, Garden of Eden, Green Desert and Another Farmyard (Fig 2). Creating stories and assessing the implications of the scenarios The implications of scenarios are one of the most important parts of scenario development. Unfortunately, this aspect is one that too often gets ignored and readers are left to interpret the scenarios themselves. The intention of developing the implications of scenarios is to create the context for the planning and actions that should follow in order to cope with each future should it happen. GARDEN OF EDEN, with its strongly performing economy and coherent and vigorously implemented laws, policies and regulations, suggests a dichotomy of driving forces. Ongoing invader control programmes are well funded by the strong economy. However, stronger trade links and higher frequency of trade movement increases the likelihood of the arrival of new propagules either intentionally or inadvertently. The increased economic activity increases the rate of movement of propagules via more active seed companies, intensified agriculture and the transport of earth-moving equipment. Thus control efforts need to be focussed at potential points of entry like the various ports, and the importers of alien plants such as the agricultural and forestry industries. Screening of imported materials is comprehensive and effectively enforced. Further afforestation takes place among small growers who could be subsidised as part of government development plans. Land redistribution and reforms within the country are orderly. The conservation ethic is strong at all levels of society. In order to slow the current invasions, research and development of biological countermeasures is required. There is widespread education on the dangers of importing potentially invasive material. The rigorously implemented regulatory environment has an appropriate measure of incentives and coercion. For example, an economic charge for water is introduced and land-owners pay for the excess that woody invaders are estimated to use. This provides incentives for landowners to control alien invaders on their land. This scenario has the most favourable outcome, with the least impact by biological invaders. ANOTHER FARMYARD represents a strong South African economy but a weak regulatory/policy environment scenario. This scenario implies a laissez faire or free-for-all attitude among people and results in a variety of land uses and in poor management of land resource issues. The landscape becomes highly fragmented with large numbers of small holdings. The general level of environmental ethics is poor, especially in agriculture. Timber 204
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IUCN Biodiversity Policy Coordinati
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The Great Reshuffling Human Dimensi
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Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . .
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Preface Expanding international tra
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Definitions of key terms Alien spec
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An introduction to human dimensions
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abundant and many others that will
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lizards were not well adapted to su
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migrations (Veitch and Clout, this
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At least some invasive species of p
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American West, despite the powerful
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lines are established by the way pe
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■ Identifying measures that work
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Human Perceptions
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Richard N. Mack preferences for foo
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Richard N. Mack acceptance of a foo
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Richard N. Mack The authorities soo
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Richard N. Mack overt expressions o
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Richard N. Mack Veitch firms in Bri
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Richard N. Mack Conclusions Humans
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Tim Low contributed to Krakatau’s
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Tim Low in Florida and Hawaii espec
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Tim Low As Horsman and Marshall (19
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Tim Low machines) might be recognis
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Vivian Parker managers, relying upo
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Vivian Parker is evident that prior
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Vivian Parker natural areas as if t
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Vivian Parker Evolutionary theory c
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Vivian Parker ecosystem (Cole, 1985
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Vivian Parker listening to the Eart
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Richard J. Blaustein and Southern p
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Richard J. Blaustein Southeast serv
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Richard J. Blaustein Kudzu’s inte
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Richard J. Blaustein no measures ag
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout As a res
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout Crop, li
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout carcasse
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout to New Z
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Economic Issues
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Montserrat Vilà and Jordi Pujadas
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Who should pay? Economic dimensions
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States. Alternatives will be diffic
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■ Category 1 - Intentional Introd
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appropriate international fund. In
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Invasive alien species prevention a
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Identity Our identity is who we per
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Belief Structure A belief is “con
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“This IAS could cause severe impa
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Example A Interviewer “Why did yo
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The process of changing belief The
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Table 4 Neuro-Logical Levels at whi
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policy maker must respond to the cr
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Dealing with the human dimensions o
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3. Day to day decisions may be assi
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The type of effects which are relev
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New Zealand legislation also genera
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Piero Genovesi and Sandro Bertolino
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Putting people first in a invasive
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Transformation and Empowerment Empo
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Bureaucratic institutional systems
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft Fig. 1 Kruger
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft and two major
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft Pereskia acul
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft is the awaren
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Buddhi Marambe, Channa Bambaradeniy
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The human dimensions of invasive wo
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livestock, for example Prosopis spp
Page 145 and 146: 19th century ship pilot, who first
Page 147 and 148: Table 2 Views about and perception
Page 149 and 150: Failures: ■ poor natural history
Page 151 and 152: Forestry Numerous shrubs and woody
Page 153 and 154: Natural resources and processes The
Page 155 and 156: clearly show that the topic is high
Page 157 and 158: Sarah Hayden Reichard and Peter Whi
Page 167 and 168: George W. Staples beneath the more
Page 169 and 170: George W. Staples present time the
Page 171 and 172: George W. Staples role in the sprea
Page 173 and 174: George W. Staples resources are pou
Page 175 and 176: Planning Future Responses
Page 177 and 178: Johan Hattingh assumptions about ou
Page 179 and 180: Johan Hattingh nothing but power fo
Page 181 and 182: Johan Hattingh interpretations has
Page 183 and 184: Johan Hattingh 5. Alien species are
Page 185 and 186: Johan Hattingh Within this ethic, i
Page 187 and 188: Johan Hattingh values to explain wh
Page 189 and 190: R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Mait
Page 195: R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Mait
Page 203 and 204: Maj de Poorter switch geographical
Page 205 and 206: Maj de Poorter someone has taken th
Page 207 and 208: References Azorin, E. 1992. The Pot
Page 209 and 210: References Capaldi, E.D. 1996. Cond
Page 211 and 212: References Dahlsten, D.L. 1986. Con
Page 213 and 214: References Fryer, J.D. and R.J. Cha
Page 215 and 216: References Harvey, D. 1989. The Con
Page 217 and 218: References Kenward, R.E. 1989. Bark
Page 219 and 220: References Lyman, B. 1989. A Psycho
Page 221 and 222: References Meyer, W.B. and B.L. Tur
Page 223 and 224: References Perrier de la Bathie, H.
Page 225 and 226: References Santiapillai, Charles, S
Page 227 and 228: References Thornton, I.W.B., Compto
Page 229 and 230: References White, P. and G. Newton-
Page 231 and 232: List of workshop participants and c
Page 233 and 234: Perrault, Anne Center for Internati
Page 235: IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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