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controls at such places as air and sea ports. Increasing tourism and trade therefore may allow more propagules and new species to enter the country. S12. Changing perspectives regarding alien species As the impacts of alien species become more evident and are publicized, so the attitude of people towards alien species is changing. In some quarters a “culture of non-tolerance” is developing, and institutional approaches such as Working for Water are having an impact on the problem. Nevertheless, some people take the alternative viewpoint and see alien invaders as valuable additions to our biodiversity. 201 Human dimensions of invasive alien species Table 1 A matrix summarising the interactions between the driving forces. I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 I1 1 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 2 3 2 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 I2 ++ 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 2 0 3 3 I3 ++ ++ 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 1 0 3 1 3 1 I4 ++ ++ ++ 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 3 0 1 3 0 3 1 I5 ++ ++ ++ ? 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 0 0 3 1 3 1 I6 ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ 3 3 2 2 3 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 0 3 I7 ++ ++ ++ ? ++ 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 2 1 3 3 I8 – 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 I9 ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 2 3 3 3 0 0 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 I10 – ++ 1 0 1 0 2 3 3 2 0 3 3 2 3 S1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 S2 ++ ++ ++ ? ++ ++ ++ ++ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 S3 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 0 ++ ++ ++ 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 0 S4 ++ ++ ++ + + ++ ? ++ ++ ++ ++ 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 S5 – 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 S6 ++ ++ ++ ++ ? ++ ++ ? ++ ++ ++ ++ 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 S7 0 0 0 0 ? ? - - ++ ? - 0 ? 3 3 3 3 3 3 S8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - ++ 0 + + + ++ + - 3 3 1 0 1 S9 ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ++ - ++ 3 3 1 3 S10 ++ ++ ++ + ? ? ++ – ? ++ - ++ ? - 2 1 3 S11 ++ ++ ++ ++ 0 0 ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ 0 0 + - 2 3 S12 - 0 + + + - — ++ – 0 0 - - - - - - 3 Direction and strength of action Strength of interaction or driving force +++ — Strong 0 None 0 None ++ – Moderate ? Unknown 1 Weak + - Weak Uncertain 2 Moderate 3 Strong The column and row headings refer to the driving forces outlined in the text. The ranking and classification of the driving forces was determined from the scores given in the sector below the diagonal. A ‘+’ indicates a driving force promoting invasions and a ‘–’ a force retarding them. The sector above the diagonal indicates the strength of the interactions. The values on the diagonal indicate the relative strength of the driving force.
R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Maitre, and David M. Richardson Ranking Driving Forces and Their Interactions The analysis above identified a long list of secondary driving forces. We developed a matrix to help us rank the driving forces by summarising our understanding of: 1. whether there is a strong interaction between the driving forces per se (Table 1, above the diagonal), 2. the relative strength of the driving forces (the diagonal), and 3. whether these interactions between driving forces (below the diagonal) could be: (i) promoting invasion, (ii) retarding it, (iii) uncertain or (iv) unknown. The strong secondary driving forces (i.e. those with a multitude of links in Fig 1) at the international scale generally strongly promote invasion. They influence activities which directly increase the number of propagules arriving in the country, mainly arising from the increased opportunities for importing alien organisms deliberately or inadvertently. All driving forces related to the movement of propagules such as the globalisation and expansion of trade links have a strong influence on intensifying invasion. Listing the uncertainties The summary matrix enabled us to identify the uncertainties (blacked out in Table 1), i.e. those factors which have a significant impact and whose impact can be either positive or negative depending on circumstances or unpredictable future events and developments: 1. The outcome of the development of invasion ecology into a robust and predictive science (I8). 2. The likelihood of the promulgation and implementation of international treaties aimed at limiting and preventing dispersal (I10). 3. The outcome of economic trends in South Africa and their impact on invasions (S2). 4. The possible changes in laws, policies and regulations governing alien species in South Africa (S5). 5. The effects of the changing perspectives and paradigms of conservation (S10). 6. The status of horticulture involving alien species in South Africa (S11). 7. Changing perspectives regarding alien species among the politicians and general populace (S12). These uncertainties now provide the basis for developing an understanding of the underlying patterns and the identification of the key uncertainties. Classification of uncertainties and developing the scenario axes The next step is to rank the uncertainties and use this process to identify the underlying logics which provide the axes for the scenarios themselves (see Schwartz, 1992). The first two uncertainties identified earlier (I8 and I10) are international and therefore external to South Africa. Although internal uncertainties are, in some measure, dependent on international uncertainties, the internal ones are those South Africans can track and influence most easily. They are, therefore, our key uncertainties. This does not mean that we ignore external uncertainties, only that they are considered in relation to the internal ones. The remaining five uncertainties were assessed and numbers 3 and 4 (S2 and S5) were clearly more influential throughout the country than the remaining three (S10-S12), although it is clear that public and political support (S12) is essential for the development and effective implementation of policies, laws and regulations (S5). Economic trends (S2, uncertainty 3) have an overwhelming influence on what happens in the rest of the country, on most of the other driving forces, and thus on invasions. But the future state of the economy is quite unpredictable, so this key 202
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IUCN Biodiversity Policy Coordinati
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The Great Reshuffling Human Dimensi
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Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . .
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Preface Expanding international tra
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Definitions of key terms Alien spec
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An introduction to human dimensions
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abundant and many others that will
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lizards were not well adapted to su
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migrations (Veitch and Clout, this
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At least some invasive species of p
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American West, despite the powerful
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lines are established by the way pe
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■ Identifying measures that work
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Human Perceptions
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Richard N. Mack preferences for foo
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Richard N. Mack acceptance of a foo
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Richard N. Mack The authorities soo
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Richard N. Mack overt expressions o
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Richard N. Mack Veitch firms in Bri
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Richard N. Mack Conclusions Humans
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Tim Low contributed to Krakatau’s
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Tim Low in Florida and Hawaii espec
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Tim Low As Horsman and Marshall (19
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Tim Low machines) might be recognis
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Vivian Parker managers, relying upo
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Vivian Parker is evident that prior
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Vivian Parker natural areas as if t
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Vivian Parker Evolutionary theory c
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Vivian Parker ecosystem (Cole, 1985
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Vivian Parker listening to the Eart
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Richard J. Blaustein and Southern p
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Richard J. Blaustein Southeast serv
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Richard J. Blaustein Kudzu’s inte
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Richard J. Blaustein no measures ag
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout As a res
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout Crop, li
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout carcasse
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C.R. Veitch and M.N. Clout to New Z
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Economic Issues
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Montserrat Vilà and Jordi Pujadas
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Who should pay? Economic dimensions
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States. Alternatives will be diffic
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■ Category 1 - Intentional Introd
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appropriate international fund. In
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Invasive alien species prevention a
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Identity Our identity is who we per
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Belief Structure A belief is “con
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“This IAS could cause severe impa
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Example A Interviewer “Why did yo
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The process of changing belief The
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Table 4 Neuro-Logical Levels at whi
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policy maker must respond to the cr
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Dealing with the human dimensions o
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3. Day to day decisions may be assi
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The type of effects which are relev
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New Zealand legislation also genera
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Piero Genovesi and Sandro Bertolino
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Putting people first in a invasive
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Transformation and Empowerment Empo
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Bureaucratic institutional systems
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft Fig. 1 Kruger
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft and two major
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft Pereskia acul
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Llewellyn C. Foxcroft is the awaren
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Buddhi Marambe, Channa Bambaradeniy
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The human dimensions of invasive wo
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Page 147 and 148: Table 2 Views about and perception
Page 149 and 150: Failures: ■ poor natural history
Page 151 and 152: Forestry Numerous shrubs and woody
Page 153 and 154: Natural resources and processes The
Page 155 and 156: clearly show that the topic is high
Page 157 and 158: Sarah Hayden Reichard and Peter Whi
Page 167 and 168: George W. Staples beneath the more
Page 169 and 170: George W. Staples present time the
Page 171 and 172: George W. Staples role in the sprea
Page 173 and 174: George W. Staples resources are pou
Page 175 and 176: Planning Future Responses
Page 177 and 178: Johan Hattingh assumptions about ou
Page 179 and 180: Johan Hattingh nothing but power fo
Page 181 and 182: Johan Hattingh interpretations has
Page 183 and 184: Johan Hattingh 5. Alien species are
Page 185 and 186: Johan Hattingh Within this ethic, i
Page 187 and 188: Johan Hattingh values to explain wh
Page 189 and 190: R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Mait
Page 193: R. Arthur Chapman, David C. Le Mait
Page 203 and 204: Maj de Poorter switch geographical
Page 205 and 206: Maj de Poorter someone has taken th
Page 207 and 208: References Azorin, E. 1992. The Pot
Page 209 and 210: References Capaldi, E.D. 1996. Cond
Page 211 and 212: References Dahlsten, D.L. 1986. Con
Page 213 and 214: References Fryer, J.D. and R.J. Cha
Page 215 and 216: References Harvey, D. 1989. The Con
Page 217 and 218: References Kenward, R.E. 1989. Bark
Page 219 and 220: References Lyman, B. 1989. A Psycho
Page 221 and 222: References Meyer, W.B. and B.L. Tur
Page 223 and 224: References Perrier de la Bathie, H.
Page 225 and 226: References Santiapillai, Charles, S
Page 227 and 228: References Thornton, I.W.B., Compto
Page 229 and 230: References White, P. and G. Newton-
Page 231 and 232: List of workshop participants and c
Page 233 and 234: Perrault, Anne Center for Internati
Page 235: IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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