Comparative Parasitology 67(2) 2000 - Peru State College

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256 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, 67(2), JULY 2000 Table 1. Prevalence, intensity, abundance, and location of parasites in 60 green treefrogs collected from Orange Lake, Alachua County, Florida, U.S.A., 1998-1999. Prevalence Intensity Parasite species Mean Range Abundance Location* Trematoda Clinostomum attenuatum^ Nematoda Cosmocercella haberi Rhabdias sp.t Protozoa Opalina sp. 23 5 47 94 3 1-236 2-5 0.02 21.6 0.15 SK CL,LI,SI,ST LU CL,LI,SI Location in host: CL = cloaca; LI = large intestine; LU = lungs; SI = small intestine; SK = skin; ST = stomach. New host record. berg et al. (1996) and dissected within 24 hours of capture. Gender, wet weight, and snout-vent length were recorded for each individual. The skin, liver, heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca, bladder, and kidneys were evaluated for parasites in separate Petri dishes under a dissecting microscope. Protozoans were fixed in Zn-PVA and stained with Giemsa. The trematode was fixed in Roudabush's AFA, stained with acetocarmine, and mounted in neutral Canada balsam. Nematodes were fixed in 70% ethanol containing 10% glycerine and mounted in lactophenol for identification. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the United States National Parasite Collection (USNPC), Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A. The prevalence and intensity of parasites were correlated with wet weights and snout-vent lengths of H. cinerea using Pearson product moment correlations. A f-test was used to determine whether gender was related to intensity of Cosmocercella haberi (Steiner, 1924) Baker and Adamson, 1977, infections (Minitab, 1998). We did not conduct statistical tests on Clinostomum attenuatum Cort, 1913, and Rhabdias sp. Stiles and Hassall, 1905, because of their low prevalences. Terminology used follows Bush et al. (1997). Thirty-one female and 29 male green treefrogs were collected from Orange Lake (mean wet weight ±SD = 3.5g±1.5g; mean snoutvent length ± SD = 4.2 cm ± 0.6 cm). The prevalences, intensities, abundances, and locations of parasites are listed in Table 1. Twentytwo treefrogs had no parasites, 22 had only Opalina sp., 8 had only C. haberi, 4 had both Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington C. haberi and Opalina sp., 2 had both C. haberi and Rhabdias sp., 1 had both Rhabdias sp. and Opalina sp., and 1 had both C. attenuatum and Opalina sp. No lesions were associated with the parasites. One green treefrog was infected with C. attenuatum (USNPC No. 88956) encysted under the skin on the back. We used 2 features to identify the trematode as C. attenuatum rather than C. complanatum, which also occurs in amphibians (McAllister, 1990): the body is uniform in width (rather than wider in the hindbody as in C. complanatum), and the testes and ovary are postequatorial (rather than medial as in C. complanatum) (Cort, 1913; Baer, 1933; Ukoli, 1966). Yamaguti (1971) indicated that C. attenuatum is found in frogs, primarily species of the genera Bufo Laurenti, 1768, and Rana Linnaeus, 1758. The definitive hosts include the great blue heron (Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758), American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus Rackett, 1813), green-backed heron (Butorides striatus Linnaeus, 1758), and double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus Lesson, 1831). Hyla cinerea is a new host record for C. attenuatum. Fourteen green treefrogs were infected with C. haberi (USNPC Nos. 88959 and 88960). Cosmocercella haberi has been reported previously in H. cinerea by Steiner (1924) and Walton (1946). A voucher specimen of C. haberi from H. cinerea was collected in Arkansas and deposited in the USNPC by C. T. McAllister in 1994 (USNPC No. 84259). This nematode is a fairly common parasite of hylids and has been identified in other species such as Hyla versicolor LeConte, 1825; Hyla arenicolor Cope,
1866; and Hyla wrightorum (Taylor, 1939) (Campbell, 1968; Goldberg et al., 1996). Cosrnocercella haberi was found in the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca of H. cinerea. Seven females and 7 males were infected with the parasite. The prevalence of C. haberi was correlated positively with the wet weights (r = 0.283, P = 0.029) and snout-vent lengths (r = 0.268, P = 0.039) of H. cinerea. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and intensity of C. haberi infection. The intensity of C. haberi infection was correlated positively with the wet weights (r = 0.678, P = 0.008) and snout-vent lengths (r = 0.760, P = 0.002) of the 14 infected green treefrogs. Three green treefrogs were infected with Rhabdias sp. (USNPC No. 88958). This nematode was found at low intensities in the lungs. Rhabdias spp. are considered "cosmopolitan" in reptiles and amphibians (Baker, 1978). Other hylids, such as Hyla regilla Baird and Girard, 1852, and Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) have been reported having these parasites (Koller and Gaudin, 1977; Muzzall and Peebles, 1991; Yoder and Coggins, 1996). There is no record of Rhabdias sp. from H. cinerea. Twenty-eight green treefrogs were infected with Opalina sp. Purkinje and Valentin, 1835 (USNPC No. 88957). Opalina obtrigonoidea orbiculata has been reported previously in the green treefrog by Walton (1946). A voucher specimen of Opalina sp. from H. cinerea was collected in Arkansas and deposited in the USNPC by C. T. McAllister in 1994 (USNPC No. 84277). Opalina sp. is a common parasite in treefrogs (McAllister, 1991). It has also been reported in Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928; Pseudacris clarkii Baird, 1854; and Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 (McAllister, 1991; McAllister et al., 1993; Bolek and Coggins, 1998). Opalina sp. was found at high intensities in the small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca of H. cinerea. Fourteen females and 14 males were infected with this protozoan. The prevalence of Opalina sp. was correlated negatively with the wet weights (r = -0.357, P = 0.005) and snoutvent lengths (r = -0.387, P = 0.002) of H. cinerea. Schorr et al. (1990) studied the population changes of Opalina spp. and found population declines and even loss of the parasite at metamorphosis of some anurans. No change, however, was observed in others. They attribut- RESEARCH NOTES 257 ed the decline or loss of Opalina spp. in some hosts to morphological and physiological changes in the host at metamorphosis. The negative correlation of host wet weights and snout-vent lengths with prevalence of Opalina sp. may therefore be due to the loss of parasites as the treefrogs increase in size or age. The intensity of Opalina sp. infection was not determined, because of the large numbers of Opalina sp. per treefrog. We thank the following for their contributions to this work: Dr. Kathryn Sieving for assistance in the development of this project; Katie L. Heggemeier and Jeremy J. Anderson for assistance in the field; Dr. Mike Kinsella for aid in identifying parasites, especially Clinostomum attenuatum, and reviewing the manuscript; Dr. Charles H. Courtney for assistance in the statistical analysis of the data; and Dr. Marilyn G. Spalding for reviewing the manuscript. This research was funded in part by the University of Florida College of Agriculture and the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. This is Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-07053. Literature Cited Baer, J. G. 1933. Note sur un nouveau trematode, Clinostomum lophophallum sp. nov., avec quelques considerations generales sur la famille des Clinostomidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 40:317- 342. Baker, M. R. 1978. Morphology and taxonomy of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from reptiles and amphibians of southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:2127-2141. , and M. L. Adamson. 1977. The genus Cosmocercella Steiner 1924 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 55:1644- 1649. Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1997. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 743 pp. Bolek, M. G., and J. R. Coggins. 1998. Endoparasites of Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis, and western chorus frog, Pseudacris t. triseriata, from southeastern Wisconsin. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 65:212-218. Boughton, R. G. 1997. The use of PVC pipe refugia as a trapping technique for Hylid treefrogs. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville. 96 pp. Bush, A. O., K. D. Lafferty, J. M. Lotz, and A. W. Shostak. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. Journal of Parasitology 83:575-583. Campbell, R. A. 1968. A comparative study of the parasites of certain Salientia from Pocahontas Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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July 2000 Number 2 Comparative Para
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(2), 2000 pp. 14
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Table 1. Unidentified diplectanids
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preferences, separation of Lateroca
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ward, 1996). Vincent's sillago, Sil
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(see Johnston and Tiegs, 1922; Murr
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Sphyraena chiysotaenia Klunzinger,
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figures of the internal anatomy (wh
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KRITSKY ET AL.—DIPLECTANIDS FROM
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2)] long, slender, fusiform; greate
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creation of paraphyletic taxa when
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(2), 20(K) pp. 1
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DAILEY AND GOLDBERG—LANGERONIA BU
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BOUAMER AND MORAND—OXYUROID GENUS
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Figure 10. Thaparia thaparia thapar
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of Professor Robert Bourgat (Univer
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Discussion Twelve parasite species
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Table 2. Continued. Parasite Tricho
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ter and fiberglass or concrete pond
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Sutherland, D. R. 1999. Assessing t
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Table 1. Wild hosts for Neobenedeni
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CB < •£ a o '= 2 I BULLARD ET AL
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Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, M
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Table 2. Presence of Hymenolepis na
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tones ungiiiculatus). Canadian Vete
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BOLEK AND COGGINS—HELMINTH COMMUN
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