Comparative Parasitology 67(2) 2000 - Peru State College

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234 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, 67(2), JULY 2(X)0 lymphocytes and suppression of NO production. In the present study, the immunosuppressive drug had no effect on iNOS induction in T. spira/zs-infected mice muscles. On the other hand, during the muscular phase of trichinellosis, methylprednisolone exerts a suppressive influence on the subpopulation of CDS lymphocytes (Boczori et al., unpublished data) with the degree of change dependent on the doses of larvae used to infect the host. Similar investigations on T. pseudospiralis were not performed because human cases of T. pseudospiralis have not been reported. Nevertheless, in severe cases of human trichinellosis caused by T. spiralis, glucocorticoid chemotherapy is popular, although still disputable. It is well known that larvae of T. pseudospiralis are less immunogenic than those of T. spiralis (Flockhart, 1986). Irrespective of the fact that they share 60% of antigens with T. spiralis larvae, they still possess 8 different proteins. In the intestinal phase, the adult form of T. pseudospiralis causes a much weaker inflammatory reaction than that of T. spiralis (Flockhart, 1986). In the late muscular phase (70 days p.i-X the presence of T. pseudospiralis larvae resulted in a level of iNOS stimulation similar to that caused by T. spiralis larvae (approximately 240%). Taking into account that the intensity of the T. pseudospiralis infection was 2 times lower than that of T. spiralis, we can assume that despite the lower immunogenicity of the former, it induced much stronger RNI generation. For example, on day 7 p.i. the iNOS activity recalculated per 1,000 muscle larvae of T. pseudospiralis/g of tissue was about 0.08 nmoles/mg of protein/min, and during the muscular phase measured on day 42 p.i. was 0.16 nmoles/mg of protein/min. In T. spiralis infection, the respective values for iNOS activity were 0.007 and 0.006 nmoles/mg of protein/min, being about 10 and 26 times lower, respectively, than in T. pseudospiralis infection. Thus, the continuous migration of T. pseudospiralis larvae causes a much greater degree of damage, but instead of an immunological response, a set of biochemical defense reactions, including RNI generation, take place. The agents present in excretory-secretory products of larvae induced iNOS for almost 3 months. Still, in order to establish the possible duration of this effect, it would be necessary to Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington carry out a long-term study for at least 6 to 8 mo p.i. Literature Cited Boczori, K., and J. W. Bier. 1986. Anisakis simplex: uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the muscle of infected fish. Experimental Parasitology 61:270-279. , E. Hadas, E. Wandurska-Nowak, and M. A. Derda. 1996. Stimulation of antioxidants in muscles of Trichinella spiralis infected rats. Acta Parasitologica 41:136-138. Brown, G. C. 1995. Nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial respiration and cell functions by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 369:136-139. Butterworth, A. E. 1980. Eosinophils and immunity to parasites. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74 (supplement): 38-43. Buys, J., R. Wever, R. Van Stigt, and E. J. Ruitenberg. 1981. The killing of newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis by eosinophils peroxidase in vitro. European Journal of Immunology 11:843— 845. Callahan, H. L., E. R. James, and R. K. Crouch. 1993. Oxidants and anti-oxidants in trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. Pages 81 — 110 in O. I. Aruoma, ed. Free Radicals in Tropical Diseases. Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH, Switzerland. Connors, K. J., and S. Moncada. 1991. Glucocorticoids inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and the related cell damage in adenocarcinoma cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1097:227- 231. Derda, M. 1998. Biochemical aspects of defence in experimental trichinellosis. Ph.D. Thesis, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznari, Poland. 51 pp. Despommier, D. D. 1990. The worm that would be virus. Parasitology Today 6:193—196. Flockhart, H. A. 1986. Trichinella speciation. Parasitology Today 2:1-3. Gross, S. S., and M. S. Wolin. 1995. Nitric oxide pathophysiological mechanism. Pages 737—769 in J. F. Hoffman and P. De Weer, eds. Annual Review of Physiology 57. Annual Review, Inc., Palo Alto, California. Hadas, E., L. Gustowska, K. Boczori, and D. Janczewska. 1999. Histochemical investigations of the biochemical defence mechanism in experimental trichinellosis. II. Nitric oxide synthase activity. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 45:5—15. Hayashi, S., C. C. Chan, R. Gazzinelli, and F. G. Roberge. 1996. Contribution of nitric oxide to the host parasite equilibrium in toxoplasmosis. Journal of Immunology 156:1476-1481. Hogaboam, C. M., S. M. Collins, and M. G. Blennerhassett. 1996. Effects of oral L-NAME during Trichinella spiralis infection in rats. American Journal of Physiology 271 (2, part l):G338-346. Holscher, C., G. Kohler, U. Muller, H. Mossmann,
G. A. Schaub, and F. Brombacher. 1998. Defective nitric oxide effector functions lead to extreme susceptibility of Trypanosoma crwzz-infected mice deficient in gamma interferon receptor or inducible nitric oxide synthase. Infective Immunology 66:1208-1215. Kroncke, K. D., K. Fehsel, and V. Kolb-Bachofen. 1995. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and its product nitric oxide, a small molecule with complex biological activities. Biological Chemistry 376: 327-343. Lepoivre, M., H. Boudbid, and J. F. Petit. 1989. Antiproliferative activity of gamma-interferon combined with lipopolysaccharide on murine adenocarcinoma: dependence on an L-arginine metabolism with production of nitrite and citrulline. Cancer Research 9:1970-1976. Lowry, O. H., W. J. Rosenbrough, A. Z. Faar, and R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurments with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193:265-275. Michejda, J. W., and K. Boczori. 1972. Changes in bioenergetics of skeletal muscle mitochondria during experimental trichinosis in rats. Experimental Parasitology 31:161-171. Rottenberg, M. E., E. Castanos-Velez, R. Mesquita, O. G. Laguardia, P. Bibcrfeld, and A. 6rn. 1996. Intracellular co-localization of T. cruzi and inducible nitric oxide synthase: Evidence for a dual pathway of iNOS induction. European Journal of Immunology 26:3203-3213. Ruble, C. J., C. A. Boehm, and F. L. Bygrave.1989. Aberrant energy-linked reactions in mitochondria isolated from the livers of rats infected with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Biochemical Journal 260:517-523. BOCZON AND WARGIN—iNOS IN MOUSE MUSCLE 235 Scharton-Kersten, T. M., G. Yap, J. Magram, and A. Sher. 1997. Inducible nitric oxide is essential for host control of persistent but not acute infection with the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Experimental Medicine 185: 1261-1273. Stenger, S., N. Donhauser, H. Thuring, M. Rollinghoff, and C. Bogdan. 1996. Reactivation of latent leishmaniasis by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Experimental Medicine 183:1501-1514. Tsuji, M., Y. Miyahira, R. S. Nussenzweig, M. Aguet, M. Reichel, and F. Zavala. 1995. Development of antimalarial immunity in mice lacking IFN-gamma receptor. Journal of Immunology 154: 5338-5344. Wandurska-Nowak, E., K. Boczori, M. A. Derda, E. Hadas, and A. Matias-Guzek. 1998. The effect of methylprednisolone on the dynamics of oxygen uptake and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in skeletal muscles of mice infected with Trichinella spimlis larvae. Acta Parasitologica43: 54-56. Wang, W., K. Keller, and K. Chadee. 1994. Entamoeba histolytica modulates the nitric oxide synthase gene and nitric oxide production by macrophages for cytoxicity against amoebae and tumour cells. Immunology 83:601-610. Van den Bosche, H., H. Verhoeven, and H. Lauwers. 1980. Uncoupling of liver mitochondria associated with fascioliasis in rats: normalization by closantel. Pages 699-704 in H. Van den Bosche, ed. The Host-Invader Interplay. Elsevier/North- Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York, and Oxford. Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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July 2000 Number 2 Comparative Para
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(2), 2000 pp. 14
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Table 1. Unidentified diplectanids
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preferences, separation of Lateroca
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ward, 1996). Vincent's sillago, Sil
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(see Johnston and Tiegs, 1922; Murr
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Sphyraena chiysotaenia Klunzinger,
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figures of the internal anatomy (wh
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KRITSKY ET AL.—DIPLECTANIDS FROM
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2)] long, slender, fusiform; greate
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creation of paraphyletic taxa when
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(2), 20(K) pp. 1
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DAILEY AND GOLDBERG—LANGERONIA BU
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BOUAMER AND MORAND—OXYUROID GENUS
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Figure 10. Thaparia thaparia thapar
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of Professor Robert Bourgat (Univer
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Page 41 and 42: Discussion Twelve parasite species
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Page 131 and 132: *Edna M. Buhrer * Mildred A. Doss *
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