Section 3 (Crop Management)

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Boonpradub and Kraokaw The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to compare the productivity of maize and second rice in farmers’ field, 2) to study constraints to maize grown after rice, 3) to evaluate yield potential of maize genotypes grown after rice, 4) to determine the effect of planting date, plant density and fertilizer on growth and yield of maize grown in paddy fields. Materials and Methods A series of field studies were conducted for four years (1998 – 2002) on paddy soil at the farm of Phitsanulok Field <strong>Crop</strong>s Experiment Station (PSL FCES) and farmers’ field of Phitsanulok, Phitsanulok, Thailand (16 ο 47' N latitude, 100 ο 16 E' longitude) during dry season (December to April). The soil textures; namely loam, sandy loam and clay loam, at 0.20 m depth had a pH of about 5.5 – 6.0, organic matter about 1.5 – 2.0 % and most of the available nutrients were within normal range. Experiments Productivity of maize grown after rice as compared to second rice A field study was conducted at farmers’ field of Phitsanulok during dry season (October 2001 – April 2002). Maize cv. Cargill 949 and rice cv. Suphanburi 1 were compared. Each plot was composed of 0.8 ha. Data collection in both plots was yield, production costs in terms of labor cost and material costs. Problems and constraints to maize grown after rice Data was collected from 100 participating farmers in Phitsanulok by using questionnaires during a dry season from October 2001 to April 2002. Data was analyzed by using SPSS program. Statistical procedure was used in percentage. Yield trial of maize grown after rice A field experiment was conducted during the dry season of 1998 and 1999 at PSL FCES. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Twenty-one maize genotypes consisted of 16 commercial maize hybrids from a private sector and 5 genotypes (3 maize hybrid and 2 openpollinated varieties) from a public sector were evaluated. Data was analyzed by using IRRISTAT version 3-93 and using DMRT for mean comparison. Response of maize grown after rice to planting date The field experiment was conducted at PSL FCES in 1999. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. A newly single cross hybrid of Thai Department of Agriculture (NS 72) was grown under different planting dates; starting from early November to mid February. Data was analyzed the same as in experiment 3. On-farm test of plant density for maize grown after rice An on-farm trial was conducted at the various farmers’ field during the dry season of 1998/1999. Maize cv. NS 72 was planted under two plant densities , i.e. 53,333 (0.75 x 0.25 m spacing with 1 plant hill -1 ) and 66,666 (0.75 x 0.20 m spacing with 1 plant hill -1 ) plants ha -1 . The Student t-test was used to perform statistical test for on-farm trial. Marginal rate of return (MRR) was used to compare economic return in both treatments (CIMMYT, 1988). - 308 -
Maize-rice rotation in Thailand On-farm test of nitrogen fertilization for maize grown after rice A study consisted of two experiments was conducted at PSL FCES followed by an on-farm test during the dry season of 1998/1999. A split plot in RCB design with four replications was used in the first experiment. Maize cv. NS 72 was planted under different nitrogen fertilizers in terms of timing and its amounts of application. The following experiment was conducted at the various farmers’ field and was separatedinto two plots namely 50 kg N ha -1 applied as a top-dressing fertilizer (30 days after planting) and 120 kg N ha -1 splitted into basal and top-dressing fertilizers. In the first experiment, data was analyzed the same as in experimental 3. The Student t-test and marginal rate of return (MRR) was also used to compare in the second experiment. Results and Discussion Maize after rice as compared to the second rice Maize and second rice grown well during a dry season due to adequate water consumption and fertilizer application. As displayed in Table 1, the costs of production in maize and second rice were found to be similar i.e. 13,125 baht ha -1 for maize and 13,750 baht ha -1 for rice, respectively. Benchaphun et al. (2001) reported that more than 80 % of the costs in maize production was variable costs, 50 % being labor costs and 30 % was material costs. In addition, labor costs were composed of mostly land preparation and harvesting costs. In terms of material costs, the largest item was fertilizer cost and seed costs. However, maize produced 18 % of kernel yield greater than those of the second rice. Maize also gave 36 % of incomes and 141 % of profits better than the second rice. Limits to productivity <strong>Crop</strong> yields were generally lower in intercrops. Since most crops, particularly maize, were developed as monocrops, there was a need to develop variety and management techniques to increase the productivity of maize in rice-based cropping system. From the experience of the authors, the experiment station yield for maize grown under post-rice condition was 10 ton ha -1 , researcher’ s yield in farmers’ fields was 7.5 ton ha -1 , and farmers’ yield was only 5 ton ha -1 . Pandey (1986) suggested that the gap between experiment station yield and researchers' yield in farmers’ fields was caused by environment and soil factors, and the gap between researchers' and farmers’ yields was due to technical resources and social factors. The reasons for yield differences between potential and farmers’ average yield levels could be summarized as follows: 1. lack of suitable maize varieties for post-rice condition; 2. seeds not readily available to farmers during dry season; 3. poor stand, causing lack of quality seeds; 4. delay planting time due to delay the staple crop ; 5. poor water drainage resulting from poor soil management, causing heavy-soils textured ; 6. poor water distribution resulting from poor water management, causing water logging and moisture stress; 7. poor N fertilizer management resulting from amounts and timing of application. - 309 -
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Section 3 (Crop Management)

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