Section 3 (Crop Management)

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Tillage practices in corn Tillage x fertilizer trial On-farm trials conducted in Brgys. Mangarin and Mabini, San Jose, Mindoro Occidental tested zero tillage and conventional tillage against farmers’ tillage practice for yellow corn (var C 818) in combination with different fertilizers levels. In zero tillage, rice stubbles and newly grown weeds are evenly sprayed with POWER TM herbicide at the rate of 6 – 8 li ha -1 . Planting was done a day after herbicide application in the traditional method using a pointed wood called “bugsok” (Figure 1). If the soil is hard, the field is flooded two to three days before spraying herbicide. For farmers’ tillage, one to two plowing and one harrowing are made to prepare the land. Seeds are planted at a rate of one seed per hill (70 cm x 20 cm spacing) also using the “bugsok” method of planting. In conventional tillage, land is thoroughly prepared with two passes of tractor-drawn plow and two times harrowing using a hand tractor or animal-drawn harrow. Seeds are planted using “farmalite” (manual corn seed planter) at a rate of one seed per hill, with 70 x 20 cm spacing (Figure 2). The two fertilizer levels used in combination with the three tillage practices were: F1 - 600 kg ha -1 ammosul and F2 - 300 kg ha -1 ammosul + 1 kg ha -1 BIO-N. First fertilizer application of ammosul was done 15-20 DAP at 300 kg ha -1 for F1 and 150 kg ha for F2. Second application was at 45 DAP using the same amount of ammosul. BIO-N is a microbial-based fertilizer for rice and corn. It is mainly composed of microorganisms that can convert the nitrogen from the air into ammonia, and replaces up to 75 percent of the total amount of nitrogen requirement of rice and corn. Tillage x variety trial The on-farm tillage x variety trial was done in the municipality of Barangay Sibao, Calabanga, Camarines Sur. Five farmer-partners were involved in the trial. Tillage management were tested in combination with different corn hybrid varieties. Conservation tillage, minimum tillage, and farmer’s tillage were the three-tillage practices tested. Varieties include IPB 929, Pioneer 3013 and Cargill 818 applied with 300 kg ha –1 . Organic Fertilizer + 200 kg ha –1 Complete + 100 kg ha -1 Ammophos + 150 kg ha -1 Urea + 250 kg ha -1 lime. Similar to the other trials, with zero tillage six to eight liters POWER TM herbicide was applied followed by one light pass of furrow (slit) a day after herbicide application. A 70 cm x 20 cm planting distance at one seed per hill was also adopted. On the other hand, in the case of minimum tillage one plowing and harrowing was done followed by application of four liters per hectare of POWER TM herbicide10 to 14 days before planting. Likewise, furrowing was done one day after herbicide application to facilitate planting of corn seeds. A 70 cm x 20 cm planting distance (one seed per hill) was used. For farmer’s tillage land preparation starts with two plowing and two harrowing followed by furrowing, hilling up or cultivation and row weeding. Results and Discussion Mindoro Occidental The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for grain yield obtained by four farmer-partners in testing the performance of Cargill 818 under three tillage practices and two levels of fertilizer is presented in Table 1. The table reveals that variation in grain yield was due to the tillage practices employed and not to the levels of fertilizer or the interaction between the two treatments. Mean grain yield under tillage practices (Table 2) show that the use of zero tillage produced the highest grain yield of about 5.20 t ha -1 followed by the conventional tillage with 5.17 t ha -1 . Farmer’s tillage practice on the other hand ranks last with only 4.08 t ha -1 . - 298 -
Labios et al. Figures 3 and 4 showed that zero tillage resulted to the highest gross return when used with both fertilizer levels. Likewise, it also incurred the lowest production costs, thus higher net benefits. On the other hand, conventional tillage gave the second best gross returns when also applied with both fertilizer levels but entailed higher costs for land preparation and for other labor inputs, hence posting smaller net returns. Added benefits are, however, obtained with zero tillage in terms of reduced losses in soil moisture with the undisturbed soil surface. This is especially relevant in the study site in as much as water becomes a serious constraint during the dry season. Figures 5a-5d shows the corn stand at various growth stages and field operations under Conservaton Tillage technology in San Jose, Mindoro Occidental. Camarines Sur Table 3 shows the ANOVA of grain yield under tillage by variety trial obtained in Brgy. Sibao, Calabanga, Camarines Sur. It can be observed that no significant effect was observed on the main effects of tillage and variety. Similarly interaction between tillage and variety shows no significant effect on grain yield. Although tillage practices do not significantly affect yield, Table 4 shows that the highest grain yield was obtained from zero tillage practice with 2.88 t ha -1 followed closely by minimum tillage with 2.78 t ha -1 . Farmer’s tillage practice, likewise, ranks last with only 2.73 t ha -1 . Summary of cost and return reveals that benefits obtained in adopting zero tillage is further realized in terms of economic returns. From the graphs presented in Figure 6, it was evident that the highest net income was obtained from zero tillage, which is mainly due to the reduced labor cost brought about by land preparation. Other project considerations After just one cropping season of on-farm research (dry season of 1999 –2000) in San Jose, these alternative technologies are spreading to other villages in San Jose and to the municipalities of Sablayan and Sta. Cruz during the dry season of 2000-2001, with support from the local government unit (LGU) at the municipal and provincial levels. The area for corn production in the province is almost double that of the previous year and the number of corn farmers have increased significantly during the same period. More traders and feed millers are now becoming more active in the San Jose area. This has been made possible through collaborative efforts among the provincial and municipal LGUs of Mindoro Occidental, the Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research Center (DA-STIARC), MONSANTO Philippines, Inc., and the UPLB on-farm research group. The same trend happened in Sibao where the LGU expanded the technology to other barangays with a collaborative efforts among the provincial and municipal LGUS of Camarines Sur, the Bicol Integrated Agricultural Research Center (BIARC), MONSANTO Philipines, Inc., and the UPLB on-farm research group. Conclusion In the case of Mindoro Occidental, the highest yield of yellow corn (var C818) was obtained using zero tillage compared to conventional and farmers’ tillage practices. This resulted to higher net returns mainly due to lower production cost. Reducing the rate of fertilizer application to half of the recommended rate plus application of 1 kg ha -1 BIO-N combined with zero tillage contributed to the increase in net income of the farmers compared to other treatments. - 299 -
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Section 3 (Crop Management)

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