Section 3 (Crop Management)

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Boonpradub and Kraokaw Cultivars Kernel yields in all twenty-one maize genotypes when grown under irrigated conditions were significantly different (Table 2). Pioneer 3012, Cargill 727 and Pacific 700 provided an average of 15 to 26 % increase in kernel yields over NS 72 (check). This was probably due to greater kernels per ear as compared to other genotypes. Boonpradub and Senthong (2001) also evaluated the thirty-one maize genotypes including hybrid and open-pollinated varieties under different moisture regimes using a line source sprinkler irrigation system. They found that Pioneer 3012 showed significantly the highest kernel yield under well-watered condition. Planting time When maize grown under post-rice condition, planting time significantly showed different in kernel yield as shown in Table 3. Results found that mid-November to mid- December was found best for planting this crop in post-rice condition. There was probably due to maize obtaining better kernel number and kernel weight. To delay planting of maize thereafter, its yield was generally low. The reduction was 24 and 36 % when grown in January and February, respectively. Yield loss due to delay planting was high temperature during flowering date (data not shown). Furthermore, ear number was not affected by planting time. Plant density The results as shown in Table 4 indicated that maize grown under plant density at 66,666 plants ha -1 gave significantly 18% higher kernel yield than those at 53,333 plants ha -1 resulting in more ear number per ha. However, plant height and yield components; namely ear width, ear length and kernel weight, were not affected by plant density. Boonpradub et al. (1998) had been studied on maize grown after rice under different plant densities found that mean yield increased consistently with increase in plant density from 53,333 plants ha -1 to 80,000 plants ha -1 Fertilization The nitrogen fertilizer was needed to be applied in order to increase maize yield when grown under post-rice condition as shown in Table 5. The kernel yield of maize with 187.5 kg N ha -1 application was not significantly superior to that of 125 kg N ha -1 . However, it was significantly different when compared with 62.5 kg ha -1 as a results of higher kernel number. A greater reduction in kernel number as affected by nitrogen stress was probably due to delayed silking resulting in an increase in the length of the anthesis - silking interval (ASI) as the results of nitrogen deficiencies (Girardin et al., 1987). The application of nitrogen fertilizer as a basal fertilizer followed by a top-dressing fertilizer at 1 month should be recommended. Similar result was also displayed when its trial was done under farmers’ fields (Table 6). The recommended N fertilizer showed higher kernel yield and better economic return as compared to farmers’ practices. Conclusion It can be concluded that maize has become a newly upland crop for growing under the post-rice condition in Thailand. This is probably due to its providing better income and profit for the farmers as compared to the second rice. In addition, it is helpful to reduce water consumption during dry season and break the population dynamic of pest. However, besides major on soil and environmental constraints, the suitable maize cultivars, appropriate cultural practices and more seed available also need to be further developed. - 310 -
Maize-rice rotation in Thailand From the results, it can be recommended that maize should be grown under uniformity area and welldrained soils namely loam, sandy loam and clay loam. The planting time of maize in post-rice condition varies from year to year depending on the time of rice harvesting, however from November to December is found the best. After harvesting rice, the conventional tillage should be practiced and fertilized with 50- 62.5–0 of N-P2O5-K2O kg ha -1 . Single cross hybrids are planted with 0.75 X 0.20 meter spacing with 1 plant hill -1 (66,666 plants ha -1 ). Three weeks after planting, urea at 156 kg/ha is applied and then hilling up the plants. Furrow method throughout the growing season, which is depended on the soil and weather conditions. To increase maize productivity in paddy field, there is a need to plan the cropping systems pattern including good agricultural practices. It should be also cooperate among maize growers to manage the marketing and production inputs in order to increase gross return and reduce production costs. Moreover, the cooperation between the maize grower and the public section and the private section is needed to increase maize production in this area. Future work 1. Improvement of maize genotypes for post-rice condition should be done if productivity of maize grown after rice is to be improved. 2. High production costs particularly labors and inputs for maize grown after rice could be solved if the rice-maize system is further continued. 3. On-farm trial of package for maize production should be further done at the given areas. Literature Cited Benchaphan Ekasingh,; Kuson Thong-Ngam,; and Phrek Gypmantasiri. (2001). Farmers’ production practices, yields and profitability in major maize growing areas of Thailand, 1998-1999. AGS Working Paper No. 142. MCC, Faculty of Agriculture. 28 pp. Boonpradub, S.; Chatairi, M. and Senanarong, N. (1998). Maize cultivation in paddy field research in Thailand. P. 399-406. In S.K. Vasal et al. (eds.) Proceedings of The Seventh Asian Regional Maize Workshop. PCARRD, Los Banos, Philippines. Boonpradub, S. and Welsh, T. (1999). No-till irrigated corn production in Thailand. P. 719-720. In The 17 th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bangkok, Thailand. Boonpradub, S. and Senthong, C. (2001). Drought response of maize genotypes under an irrigation gradient. Thai J. Agric. Sci. 34(3-4) : 217-228. CIMMYT. (1988). From agronomic data to farmer recommendations : An Economic Training Manual. CIMMYT. 79 p. Giradin, P.; Tollenaar, M.; Deltour, A. and J. Muldoon. (1987). Temporary N starvation in maize (Zea may L.) : effects on development, dry matter accumulation and grain yield. Agronomic. 7: 289-296. Gassity P.D. and Hermenegildo, C.G. (1990). The development of rice-corn rotations in tropical lowland environments: A systems research approach. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. Taipei City, Rep. of China on Taiwan. Extension Bulletin No.318. 10 pp. Granados,G.; Kitbamroong, C.; Tavarasook, C.; Chatasiri, M.; Grudloyma, P.; Chotichun, S. and Boonpradab, S. (1994). Winter maize in paddy fields research conducted in Thailand in 1992-1994. A progress Report. 26 p. Gomez, A.A. and Gomez, K.A. (1983). Multiple cropping in the humid tropicals of Asia. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC. 248 pp. - 311 -
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