Section 3 (Crop Management)

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P-uptake in maize soybean systems Appendix 3. Combined analysis of variance of P uptake at Poamoho during 1988 and 1989. Source of variation df SS MSS F ratio (a) Soybean Corrected Total 58 Environment 1 765.4 765.4 27.5** Phosphorus Level 9 2809.8 312.2 11.2** Log(P) 1 2192.2 2192.2 78.9** Log(P)*Log(P) 1 164.8 164.8 5.9** Lack of fit 7 452.8 64.7 2.3 Environment*P Level 9 704.1 78.2 2.8 Environment*Log(P) 1 534.7 534.7 19.2** Lack of fit 8 169.4 21.2 0.8 Rep(Env*P Level) 8 222.2 27.8 System 1 2557.7 2557.7 175.2** Environment*System 1 62.8 62.8 4.3 P Level*System 9 538.5 59.8 4.1 Log(P)* System 1 315.9 315.9 21.6** Lack of fit 8 222.6 27.8 1.9 Env*P Level*System 5 274.6 54.9 3.8 Error 15 219.3 14.6 (b) Maize Corrected Total 72 Environment 1 9341.3 9341.3 241.4 ** Phosphorus Level 9 5734.6 637.2 16.5 ** Log(P) 1 4115.7 4115.7 106.3 ** Log(P)*Log(P) 1 910.3 910.3 23.5 ** Lack of fit 7 708.6 101.2 2.6 Environment*P Level 7 3690.9 527.3 13.6 ** Environment*Log(P) 1 935.7 935.7 24.2 ** Envi.*Log(P)*Log(P) 1 1115.5 1115.5 28.7 ** Lack of fit 5 1639.7 327.9 8.5 * Rep(Env*P Level) 8 309.3 38.7 System 2 49.5 24.9 1.4 Environment*System 1 26.0 26.0 1.5 P Level*System 16 531.0 33.2 1.9 Env*P Level*System 4 108.4 27.1 1.5 Error 24 428.2 17.8 - 230 -
Proceedings of 8 th Asian Regional Maize Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand: August 5-8, 2002 Soil fertility <strong>Management</strong> Practices and Constraints to Fertilizer Utilization in the Hills of Nepal J. Ransom and K. Paudyal CIMMYT-Nepal Abstract Soil fertility has been identified as the most important constraint for increasing maize production in the hills of Nepal. Farmyard manure is the primary means of providing external nutrients to the soil. Fertilizer is becoming a critical input for increased maize production. A survey was conducted to determine factors affecting the use of fertilizers in the hills of Nepal. Maize farms were found to be largely subsistence. Of the two districts Dolakha was better developed than Dailekh in terms of infra structure and educational level. All farmers used farmyard manure. Most farmers in Dolakha and 58% in Dailekh used urea. Rates were far less than recommended. No P containing fertilizers were used. Of the variables included in a probit analysis, Khet area, household labor, years since improved varieties first cultivated, literacy, district (Dolakha), and nearness to market positively influenced fertilizer use, while livestock number negatively influenced its use. Income from crops, contact with extension personnel, hired labor, caste and household head working on the farm did not significantly influence fertilizer use. These data demonstrate the influence of general development on the adoption of fertilizer. They also indicate that there is scope to improve its adoption even within the lesser developed areas of the country. Introduction Nepal is among the poorest counties in the world and the majority of the Nepalese are dependant on agriculture for their livelihood. The country can be broadly divided into three parallel ecological belts running east to west- the terai in the south, the midhills in the middle and highhills in the northern part of the country. The hills together account for 77% of the total land and almost 50% of population in the country. More than three-fourths of maize production in the country takes place in the hills. Low soil fertility is the single most important abiotic constraint to maize production in the hills (Paudyal et al., 2001). Traditionally soil fertility was maintained through the application of farmyard manure. Manure was largely produced from weeds, crop residue and fodder trees that were fed to tethered animals. Currently farm yard manure is still the primary source of nutrients for maize fields, though the use of fertilizers is growing in importance. Since farmers apply all of the manure that they have available on their farms, it is the increased use of fertilizer that is likely to enable increases in maize production in the future. The Agricultural Perspective Plan (APP) has identified chemical fertilizer as major contributing factor for accelerating agricultural growth and has considered it as one of the priority inputs. Fertilizer application per unit area in Nepal is among the lowest. Fertilizer use in maize cultivation is lower than in other crops for two reasons. First, most of the maize is produced in the hills where transportation of fertilizer is costly. Second, most of the farmers there are subsistent farmers who often do not have cash required to buy expensive fertilizer. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of various socioeconomic and geographic features on the utilization of fertilizer on maize in two districts in Nepal. - 231 -
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Appendix I. Weather Information rec
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Tripathi It is necessary to manage
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Results and Discussion Tripathi Mai
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Literature Cited Tripathi App (Nepa
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Maize grain (t/ha) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Maize grain (t/ha) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Labios et al. surface is left undis
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Labios et al. Labios R.V.; Robles,
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Figure 5a. Status of the field at p
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Maize-rice rotation in Thailand On-
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Maize-rice rotation in Thailand Fro
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Maize-rice rotation in Thailand Tab
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Maize-rice rotation in Thailand Tab
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Table 2. Effect of priming duration
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