- Page 1 and 2: DigitalResources SIL eBook 33 ® Th
- Page 3 and 4: Fair-Use Policy: SIL e-Books 33 ©2
- Page 5 and 6: 5.3.2 A unified Bidayuh orthography
- Page 7 and 8: 6.5.1 Developments from medial clus
- Page 9 and 10: 5.1.1 Onset of the ultima 5.1.2 Nuc
- Page 11 and 12: Foreword Y. B. Datuk Michael Manyin
- Page 13 and 14: Introduction to Part I Today more a
- Page 15: xiv The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday
- Page 19 and 20: 1 Who are the Bidayuh? The non-Musl
- Page 21 and 22: 1.1.1 By location Before the coming
- Page 23 and 24: 2 Language development before 1963
- Page 25 and 26: the Bidayuh belt make use of the re
- Page 27 and 28: mile of the Kuching-Serian road. Al
- Page 29 and 30: 3 Language development after 1963 M
- Page 31 and 32: However, when the Dewan Bahasa dan
- Page 33 and 34: 3.5 Majlis Adat Istiadat Sarawak Th
- Page 35 and 36: 4 Recent efforts to develop the Bid
- Page 37 and 38: 5 The Bidayuh Language Development
- Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Current and unified symbol
- Page 41 and 42: � It would be a source for lingui
- Page 43 and 44: eing of the Bidayuh language but al
- Page 45 and 46: 8 Addendum — Events since 2005 Th
- Page 47 and 48: 8.6 Wordlist project This is a cont
- Page 49 and 50: 1 Introduction The intent of this p
- Page 51 and 52: nasal(ized) sounds. There are some
- Page 53 and 54: Vowels of the ultima (tonic syllabl
- Page 55 and 56: 3.2.4 There are two laryngeal phone
- Page 57 and 58: Curly brackets: {bi-} in /bi-suwat/
- Page 59 and 60: Thus, [ã], [ũ], [ỹ], [h̃]; [V
- Page 61 and 62: Examples of nasally-released word-f
- Page 63 and 64: 4 Canonical shapes of Bidayuh words
- Page 65 and 66: Examples of ambisyllabic V 1.V 2 se
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different meaning from the form wit
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saktian/ ‘a supernatural power th
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Still another example of phonetic v
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—or possibly /r/ is the remnant o
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Possibly words like /uatki/ > [ʔwa
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5 Nasal spread 35 Movements of the
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piŋayuh/ > [pi.ŋã.ỹũh̃] ‘c
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təŋən/ > [tɤ.ŋɤ̃n] ‘tree (
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Reverse spread is more likely to oc
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words affected by this weakening pr
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5.5 Outcomes of nasal+obstruent clu
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6 ‘New’ nasality As may be conc
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obstruent has dropped out in partic
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clusters (…VN.DV…). However, Bu
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Examples of the reported increase i
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nasal spread—i.e., it occurs in w
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The following examples illustrate n
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saNɡaap/ > *sə̃.ŋ(ɡ)a.ˈap > [
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with instances of non-spread. Such
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A vowel between two simple/single n
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6.7.2 Environments that hinder or p
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7 Nasals in Bidayuh morphology What
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7.2 Elements of Bidayuh morphology
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tānək/ ‘cook (it)! (imperative)
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ut also the grammatical content of
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ɡāyas/ > [ɡā.yəs] ‘scratch!
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install’ (Biatah-Nais). /pĭjo(ː
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Examples of Bukar and Sadung roots
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complex than, for example, a vowel-
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) /m-/ is another single-consonant
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im-/ occur most commonly with /k/-i
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udip/ 103 ‘alive, living, fresh;
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knowledge, there is only one third-
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third order. 109 Consonant-initial
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It is not absolutely clear whether
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or the single-consonant prefix /m-/
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Table 3. Distribution of six common
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Table 4. Estimated level of product
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) Canonical type of the first sound
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8 Closing remarks This paper provid
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1 Overview It has long been recogni
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For those who would like to relate
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3. In most dialects there is (or ma
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lengthening of the following conson
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*t *k Additional examples: *ŋum-p
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*m *n *ɲ *ŭməh, *ăməh ‘(padd
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*y *s Sembaan kăwin, Tringgus Raya
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*dĭ-ken, *dĭ-ɡen ‘hold in hand
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shape in Malay words and (2) the ma
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*e *o *a Biya tājə, Sembaan tāj
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Sembaan. In general, in Sembaan the
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*mideːk, *mŭdeːk ‘go upriver
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Three more sets seem to provide evi
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Also *kĭlet, *kĭlat ‘eyelashes,
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*kăʔih, *kiʔeh ‘we (exclusive)
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Pinyawa’ dəwən, Bengoh dəwən,
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Tringgus Raya trən, Tringgus Biren
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*ɲəhəp ‘suck’ > Singai ɲuop
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*m *n *ŋ *l *r *bāʔak tuad Bukar
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speakers, Pinyawa’ and Bengoh whe
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*ăndu ‘day’ Singai əndu, Gumb
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*kăwi, *kăwin ‘shoulder, clavic
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Key to dialect numbers: Western Cen
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Table 5. Distribution of Replacive
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*jāmban (74) əʔ əʔ *tăŋan (1
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Table 7. Distribution of Replacive
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*t *k Bibengih mpuruh, Sangking mpu
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Anah Rais ɲiʔit, Biya ɲīʔit, S
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*jăran, *ăran ‘trail, footpath
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Table 8. Proto-Bidayuh penult vowel
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*ătək, *ə̆ntək ‘brain’ Sin
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*siməhəŋ, *simăhoŋ ‘ten’ S
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mə̆kəd, Tringgus Bireng məkəd,
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*săʔə, *siʔə ‘kill’ Grogo
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də̆ŋan, Tringgus Bireng dĭŋeː
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*ɲinsap ‘suck’ hisap *sinsin
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*t *k *b *ɡ *r *s Anah Rais prĭʔ
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Tringgus Raya kāsah, Tebakang kir
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2.6.1 Consonants Proto Bidayuh had
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Singai Sin Bratak 78.8 Bra Table 9.
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Proto Land Dayak Bidayuh Bakati Bak
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*t *k *b *d *j *ɡ *m *n *ɲ *ŋ *l
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*[d]iu 1ʔ ‘true’ Rara diyuʔ,
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correspondences for the vowel *a ar
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*ara 1d ‘wing’ Rara arat, Sara/
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There is a small group of words tha
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*j *ɡ *m *n *ɲ *ŋ *l *r *s *jaŋ
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3.2.3 Coda of the penult Only nasal
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4 Proto Bidayuh-Bakati’ The Biday
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For the present we will posit PBB *
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*mbeen ‘wash (hands)’ PBid *ŋu
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*sVbərək ‘hungry’ PBid *sibə
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chart: The usual correspondences fo
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*ɡăɡah ‘strong (person)’ PBi
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However, other alternations include
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*năŋko ‘steal’ PBid *năŋku,
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If the following Bidayuh and Bakati
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**k ** ĭkan ‘fish’ Proto Biday
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It seems probable that only **r is
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**s **kăsuh ‘dog’ Proto Bidayu
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These Southern Land Dayak forms see
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**kămbət, **k-ar-ĭmbət, **k-an-
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position usually occur before voice
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e reconstructed for these sets or e
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As can be observed from the precedi
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Even in Proto Bidayuh in a high pro
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5.1.2.5 Vocalic length The data fro
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**tərəp, **t/dărəm ‘deep’ P
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**ăpuy, **ăpi ‘fire’ Proto Bi
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**p **piʔin, **paʔin ‘water’
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**m-i/ŭ/ādip ‘alive’ Proto Bi
- Page 289 and 290:
**ŭduh, **iduh ‘grass’ Proto B
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**ŭ ̆̆ ̆ **ŭjan ‘rain’ Pr
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Examples of sə, bə and po are fou
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It is possible that Proto Land Daya
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6 Roots of the Land Dayak languages
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PPhil *ləpád, PLD *măbər, *mibi
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PAN *l > *r PAN *limáH > PLD *rim
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PLD laryngeals. Since the developme
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PHF *besúR ‘full, sated > PLD *b
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PHN *suŋay > PLD *sūŋi ‘river
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Bengoh taːs, Anah Rais taːs, Biya
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PHN (Z) *ubú[qʔ] ‘short’ (296
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PAN *kálih ‘dig (out)’ > PBB *
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*măriʔ, *pāriʔ ‘go back, retu
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A. Table 19. Distribution of Sound
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3. The contrast between full and re
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**kăjaʔ ‘leg’ Proto Bidayuh *
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**ridiʔ, **radiʔ ‘thin’ Proto
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Another change (Group F) has affect
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**tăkiʔ ‘excrement’ Proto Bid
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7 A final word In these pages we ha
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Serasot batuh, Grogo batuh, Stass b
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Proto Bakati’ *ampun ‘cloud’
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Proto Bakati’ *sawa 1ʔ ‘year
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təŋən (kəyuh), təŋəy, Bratak
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PHN *balat ‘banana species’ (co
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manuk (ʔ is the more common reflex
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Bukar-Sadong siok [siyɔk], Bunan s
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Rara kampawaʔ ‘spider’. Ribun-
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mbak, Biatah ubak, Bistaang baːk,
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Tebakang pămpi, Bukar-Sadong pămp
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Proto Land Dayak **isuk Proto Biday
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Proto Bidayuh *pŭduh, *pudun ‘ga
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unclear whether these forms reflect
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Proto Bakati’ *ŋayo 2 ‘scratch
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Proto Bakati’ *[m]uɲu 1ŋ ‘sit
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Biatah aran, Bistaang ran, Benuk (a
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Proto Bidayuh *jătuːʔ ‘fall’
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PMP *Ra-[n]+dut ‘pull out’ Prot
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Proto Bidayuh *ku/ŋi/ni-suː̼ ̼
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mamuh, Biatah māmuh, Bistaang mām
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Proto Bakati’ *ɡulu 1k ‘laugh
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PMP *uDahik ‘go upstream’ Proto
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Rais dăyəh, Tringgus Bireng dăy
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Serambu sipot, Bratak sipot, Seraso
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Bibengih pădi, Sangking isih pădi
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sănduk, Bibengih sănduk, Sangking
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Serasot ɲuop, Grogo ɲuop, Stass
- Page 385 and 386:
PAN (D) *musipa ‘chew betel’, P
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Proto Land Dayak **dāyuŋ Proto Bi
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Tringgus Raya mīrih, Tringgus Bire
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Proto Bidayuh *ănjan ‘ladder’
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dukoh, Ribun-A duku a h, Semandang
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Proto Bakati’ *saribu 1 ‘one th
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Proto Bakati’ *aŋho 2 ‘long’
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Proto Bakati’ *sunu 1 ‘dull’
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Proto Land Dayak **insək, **in[s]i
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Tringgus Raya ɲama, Tringgus Biren
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kudu, Biatah kudu, Bistaang kădu,
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PAN *kamí Proto Bidayuh-Bakati’
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məndam, Biatah birăndam, Sapug m
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Proto Bakati’ *ka sada 1n ‘insi
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Proto Bidayuh-Bakati’ *bădaʔ Pr
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*băɡəːʔ many (things) (299) *b
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*jan, *ăjan, *ijan, *ŭjan, *jen,
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*mūsiŋ, *pūsiŋ, *pūsin, *mūsi
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*sădeʔ, *sĭdeʔ, *sudiʔ, *sŭde
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B.2 Proto Bakati’ *aba 1k head (7
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*ŋ/ɲito 1ŋ count (294) *ŋoo 1t
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*pVriok cooking pot (223) *pV̆teː
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**nāŋ-kap, **nāŋ-kəp, **da-kup
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**tubəh 1, **tə̆bəh tuba plant
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chew betel 244 chicken 56 child 255
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kill 201, 129 kingfisher 52 kiss 11
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soot 226 soul 236, 181 sound 181 so
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1 Introduction PART IV A Classifica
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Gunam: Dayak Ribun (Parindu, Sangga
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c) Denasalization of final nasals.
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3 Sub-grouping of the varieties of
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Sub-group IV, Moro Betung and Saham
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*bănaʔ ‘wind’ Tanap bonoʔ, S
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*tājə ‘dull’ Bidayuh *tājə,
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It is this third lexical pattern th
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*Vnto ‘this’ Semirau ənto, Tan
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A. Satu Kome Semirau Tanggung Upe k
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Leminang ntoh N. Mongkok nto Selamp
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Kembayan (A) Empodis kohosiyak tahi
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*…uk *manuk (47) *tutuk (81) *ruk
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Semirau nokᵑ dayukᵑ Tanggung no
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In open syllables and before the ve
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Ribun (A) ntileʸʔ ŋombeʸʔ Guna
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Semirau jotuk oko omo Tanggung jotu
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N. Mongkok botuh omuh abuʰ Selampo
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*baik ‘good’ Tanap baek, Semong
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6 Sound changes that have impacted
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*piʔin, *paʔin ‘water’ Ambawa
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*m-ədəp ‘alive, green’ Tanap
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*jĭraɁ ‘tongue’ Tanap jiroɁ,
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Appendix IV—Cognate sets *dărəd
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*săwaʔ ‘year’ Bidayuh *săwa
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Ntoloʔ, Engkahan Ntuloʔ, Selampon
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Ribun (Hudson) motuh, Gunam motuh,
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*niŋaʔ ‘look, watch’ Bidayuh
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Engkahan bənalik, Tanap baliaʔ, S
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*tikam ‘throw’ Ribun nikam, Nan
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Leminang nampar, Nangka Mongkok tam
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Bidayuh *sāma:ʔ, Mandong maʔ, Ba
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Nangka Mongkok limaʔ, Selampong li
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*tumpul ‘dull’ Ambawang Satu tu
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*m-udup Nanga Rakan mudup, Lubuk Ta
- Page 509 and 510:
may be related to the immediately p
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*timul ‘float’ Mandong timul, B
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References Adat Bidayuh 1994, Saraw
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Hickling, Hugh. 1959. Sarawak and I
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Shelford, Robert W. (1916) 1985. A