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1976 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Conclusion Accuracy (%) Figure 8. The optimal selection step (fourth step). In summary, we present a kind of correlation based cluster algorithm to cluster symptoms in medical data. We also propose a supervised validation algorithm to objectively evaluate the clustering results. We find that MI is better fit to describe correlation between symptoms in the data. The corresponding clustering results reached an accuracy of 91.04%. The algorithm presented here paves a significant basis for discover new pattern in medical data. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the support of CNSF under Grant No. 10604006 and SCC of Beijing Normal University. REFERENCES Bohigas O, Giannoni MJ, Schmit C (1984). Characterization of Chaotic Quantum Spectra and Universality of Level Fluctuation Laws. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52:1. Chen JX, Jia ZH (2010). Selecting biomarkers for primary hyperlipidemia and unstable angina in the context of neuroendocrine-immune network by feature selection methods. J. Biol. Syst. 18:605-619. Guo SZ, Chen JX, Zhao HH, Wang W, Yi JQ, Liu L (2009). Building and evaluating an animal model for syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine in the context of Unstable Angina (myocardial ischemia) by supervised data mining approaches. J. Biol. Syst.17: 531-546. Hofstetter E, Schreiber M (1993). Statistical properties of the eigenvalue spectrum of the three-dimensional Anderson Hamiltonian. Phys. Rev. B48:16979. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Levy D (1999). Lifetime risk of developing coronary artery disease. Lancet, 353: 89-92. Li S, Zhang ZQ, Wu LJ, Zhang XG, Li YD, Wang YY (2007). Understanding ZHENG in traditional Chinese medicine in the context of neuro-endocrine-immune network, IET Syst. Biol. 1(1):51-60. Liu GP, Li GZ, Wang YL, Wang YQ (2010). Modelling of inquiry diagnosis for coronary heart disease in traditional Chinese medicine by using multi-label learning. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 10:37- 48. Plerou V, Gopikrishnan P, Rosenow B, Amaral LAN, Stanley HE (1999). Universal and Nonuniversal Properties of Cross Correlations in Financial Time Series. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:1471. Seba P (2003). Random Matrix Analysis of Human EEG Data. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91:198-204. Wigner EP (1967). Random Matrices in Physics. SIAM Rev. 9:91. Zhong JX, Geisel T (1999). Level fluctuations in quantum systems with multifractal eigenstates. Phys. Rev. E59:4071. Zhong JX, Grimm U, Romer RA, Schreiber M (1998). Level-Spacing. Distributions of Planar Quasiperiodic Tight-Binding Models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80:3996.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(26), pp. 1977-1981, 15 July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.606 ISSN 1996-0816 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Comparative analysis of distinct diuretics through urine analysis Zain Ullah 1 , 2 , Musa Kaleem Baloch 1* , Jameel Ahmed Khader 3 , Naser Mohamed AbdElsalam 3 , Riaz Ullah 4 , 5 , Arif-ullah Khan 6 , Muhammad Talha 7 , Naeem Khan 8 and Iqbal Hussain 8 1 Department of Chemistry, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. 2 Diabetis and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, UK. 3 Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 5 Department of Chemistry, Govt Degree College Ara Khel, Jawaki, FR Kohat, Pakistan. 6 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Pakistan. 7 College of Science Research Centre, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. 8 Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Accepted 25 June, 2012 Diuretics are used for different diseases and are taken without knowing their adverse/side effects. To create awareness, four popular diuretics, Lasix, Spiromide, Aldactone and Conium were investigated for their effect on body. These were experimented over four volunteers with single and double doses. The urine of these volunteers was collected for analysis of sodium and potassium. The obtained results showed that the effect of medicine remained up to 6 to 12 h. In this duration, the sodium excreted value went up for a certain period and then became almost normal and same was true for potassium. The increase in dosage increased the rate of excretion of the cations and also prolonged the time period of their effects. It is concluded that although Lasix, a potential diuretic but its effects over body were also severe in terms of excretion of ions etc. Similarly, Spiromide was also noted to be a reasonably effective diuretic and its effects are totally different from Lasix in terms of excretion of ions and body weight loss. The other two medicines (Aldactone and Conium) did not show much effect upon excretion etc. Key words: Urine, Lasix, Spiromide, Aldactone, Conium. INTRODUCTION Any substance that tends to increase the flow of urine, which causes the body to get rid of excess water, is known as diuretic drugs. Substances that augment "diuresis," or the removal of fluids from the body through urination, are considered diuretics. Some people use diuretics as a weight loss aid, usually when a large amount of weight needs to be lost in a short amount of time (Capps et al., 1952). The fact is that diuretics are not proven to promote the loss of fat; they simply remove retained fluid. While the scale may show the loss of a few *Corresponding author. E-mail: zain_kust@yahoo.com. Tel: 020 7848 4247, 075 5063 3668. Fax: 020 7848 4500. pounds, it is a temporary loss. This is not a healthy way to lose weight. Diuretics are widely used and generally safe, but like any therapeutic agents, they may causeside effects. They enjoy a very high clinical reputation for safety and efficacy. However, more than 3 decades of clinical investigation have disclosed a number of abnormalities in fluid electrolyte handling, metabolism and other adverse effects that can complicate therapy with diuretic drugs. These include extracellular fluid volume depletion, associated orthostatic hypotension, and prerenal azotemia (Brown et al., 2003). Others are not a direct action of the diuretic, but can be explained as intranephronal compensation to the diuretic action. Diuretics are used for many reasons. They may be
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African Journal of Pharmacy and Pha
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Editors Sharmilah Pamela Seetulsing
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Minimum inhibitory concentration (M
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Kim et al. 1887 Table 4. Antimicrob
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Klevens RM, Morrison M A, Nadle J,
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Figure 1. Chemical structure of ten
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ng/ml by 4.9 ml blank plasma with 5
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Figure 5. Chromatogram of plasma sp
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Figure 7. Chromatogram of a healthy
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Figure 11. Chromatograms of standar
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Shatoor 1903 Figure 1. The effect o
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Heart rate (Beats/min.) 345 330 315
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Table 2. Percent of changes in hear
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heart rate on coronary flow and car
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Urinary tract infections are the mo
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Table 1. Study characteristics of i
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Table 1. contd. Sun GQ 37 007 Ross
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Study or Subgroup Cai SF 2003 Gao H
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Study or Subgroup Cai SF 2003 Gao H
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cure rate and clinical effective ra
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