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1926 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. KAI1 could mediate the interactions between cells or cells and the ECM to change the ability of cell adhesion and migration (Yoshida et al., 1998). It has been shown that low differentiation of the cancer cells was associated with lower expression of KAI1 (Chen et al., 2011). This is in consistent with the present results: the KAI1 expression was down-regulated in breast cancer tissues, and the patients with lymph node metastasis showed lower KAI1 expression than those without. These data suggested that decreased KAI1 expression is closely related to the tumor progression and metastasis. MMPs were considered as one of the most important proteolytic enzymes involving in tumor growth and invasion (Cockett et al., 1998). MMP-2 has been shown to be involved in breast cancer metastasis, by degradation of the ECM and induction of angiogenesis (Jezierska and Motyl, 2009). The present study showed that in breast cancer group, the MMP-2 was highly expressed; within the cancer group, MMP-2 expression is positively correlated with tumor metastasis, but not with age and menopause factors. Taken together, our studies proved that changes of KAI1 and MMP-2 were associated with the development and progression of breast cancer in our population. These provided rational bases for molecule-based diagnosis of breast cancer and prognosis. Future studies are still required to recruit more patients to verify these results. REFERENCES Bachmeier BE, Iancu CM, Jochum M, Nerlich AG (2005). Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer: comparison of known and novel aspects of their inhibition as a therapeutic approach. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther., 5:149-163 doi: 10.1586/14737140.5.1.149 Budach W (2011). Radiotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 47 Suppl., 3:S23-27 doi: 10.1016/S0959- 8049(11): 70143-70145. Chen X, Xu Z, Wang Y (2011) Recent advances in breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1. Int. J. Boimarkers, 26:1-8. Cockett MI, Murphy G, Birch ML, O'Connell JP, Crabbe T, Millican AT, Hart IR, Docherty AJ (1998). Matrix metalloproteinases and metastatic cancer. Biochemical Society symposium 63:295-313. Dong JT, Isaacs WB, Isaacs JT (1997). Molecular advances in prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol., 9:101-107. Dong JT, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Vukanovic J, Ichikawa T, Isaacs JT, Barrett JC (1995). KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science, 268:884- 886. Jezierska A, Motyl T (2009). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 involvement in breast cancer progression: a mini-review. Medical science monitor : international medical J. Exper. Clin. Res., 15:RA32-40. Ruiterkamp J, Ernst MF (2011). The role of surgery in metastatic breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 47 Suppl., 3:S6-22 doi: 10.1016/S0959- 8049(11): 70142-70143. Ueda T, Ichikawa T, Tamaru J, Mikata A, Akakura K, Akimoto S, Imai T, Yoshie O, Shiraishi T, Yatani R, Ito H, Shimazaki J (1996). Expression of the KAI1 protein in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Am. J. Pathol., 149:1435-1440. Yang X, Welch DR, Phillips KK, Weissman BE, Wei L (1997). KAI1, a putative marker for metastatic potential in human breast cancer. Cancer Lett., 119:149-155. Yoshida BA, Chekmareva MA, Wharam JF et al., (Provide Complete Name) (1998). Prostate cancer metastasis-suppressor genes: A current perspective. In vivo 12:49-58.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(26), pp. 1927-1932, 15July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.276 ISSN 1996-0816 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Comparative excretion of vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside in mice after oral and intravenous administration Ye An 1 , Chaoshen Zhang 1 , Yang Du 2 , Lin Zhao 2 , Zhongzhe Cheng 2 , Wenjie Zhang 2 , Xixiang Ying 2 * and Tingguo Kang 2 1 Department of Pharmacy, the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110015, China. 2 School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China. Accepted 03 April, 2012 The aim of the present study was to characterize comparative excretion of pure vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside (VR) in mice following oral and intravenous administration at dose of 30 mg/kg, therefore, a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using vitexin-4"-O-glucoside as internal standard developed and validated for quantitative analysis of VR. The results of elimination of VR in urinary and fecal excretion following oral and intravenous dosing indicated that VR was mainly excreted as prototype for both routes of administration, and biliary and renal excretions are two major ways for the elimination of VR. Key words: Excretion, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside. INTRODUCTION Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside (VR) abundantly exists in fruits and leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Beg. var major (hawthorn and hawthorn leaves), both of which are very popular herbal materials in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and are well used in treating cardiovascular diseases (PRC, 2010). As VR is one of the main components of flavonoid of hawthorn leaves (Ding et al., 1990) and also a bioactive constituent on cardiovascular system in hawthorn (Liang et al., 2007), many pharmacological studies of VR have been reported until now, such as protective effect on the injured cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells (Zhu et al., 2003, 2006) and strongly inhibiting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (Ninfali et al., 2007). In recent years, many articles focus on in vitro study and pharmacokinetic studies (Cheng et al., 2007; Ying et al., 2007, Du et al., 2011). However, there is little research on the comparative excretion of pure VR isolated from hawthorn leaves following oral and intravenous routes of administration. In our study, a *Corresponding author. E-mail: yingxixiang@163.com. sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using vitexin-4"-Oglucoside (VG) as internal standard thereby was first established to fully evaluate the urinary and fecal excretion content of VR following oral and intravenous route of administration. In addition, the differences of excretion after two forms of administration can be identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reagents and chemicals The water used in all experiments was purified by a Milli-Q ® Biocel Ultrapure Water System (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Methanol, acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran were all of HPLC grade and purchased from Xinxing Chemical Reagent Plant (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals of analytical grade were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Plant Leaves of C. pinnatifida Bge.var major were collected in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China and identified by Prof. Ting- Guo Kang. A
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African Journal of Pharmacy and Pha
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sodium was then dissolved in 1000 m
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Concentration (ppm) Concentration (
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various contagious diseases such as
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Table 3. Antibacterial MIC (µg/ml)
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Table 5. Contd. 1/5 14.7 ± 0.6 39.
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 6th European C
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