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1900 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Figure 13. Chromatograms of standard lamivudine (2000 ng/ml). study, in which spiked plasma replicates were extracted by one column 3 times successively at each three concentration levels (20, 200 and 200 ng/ml), respectively. Studies showed that the pH of the mobile phase was found to be an extremely considerable factor for the separation of tenofovir with the endogenous substance and for the optimized shape of the peaks (Kuklenyik et al., 2009). For chromatographic conditions, potassium phosphate monobasic buffer with 0.08% of triethanolamine (pH 3.52) and methanol was chosen as the mobile phase A and B in our study. Under this pH of the buffer, the chromatographic peak tailing was minimized with an obviously extrusive separation for the aim analytes and the IS. The gradient condition in our paper makes it feasible for satisfactory separation of emticitabine and tenofovir and their endogenous interference. Due to the HPLC instrument, wavelength for UV detection was chosen at 270 nm in order to detect tenofovir, emtricitabine and lamivudine, simultaneously. Conclusion The method of HPLC-UV established by us in this study is simple, reliable and economic for routinely monitor plasma concentrations of tenofovir and emtricitabine in Chinese population and it can be considered as a technical support for plasma concentration measure of tenofovir and emtricitabine of patients and volunteers especially in developing countries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by National Science and Technology Major Project, China (No 2008ZX10105). REFERENCES Avolio AD, Sciandra M, Baietto L, Siccardi M, Requena DG, Bonora S, Perri GD (2008). A New Assay Based on Solid-Phase Wxtraction Procedure with LC-MS to Measure Plasmatic Concentrations of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in HIV Infected Patients. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 46: 524-528. Barkil M, Gagnieu MC, Guitton J (2007). Relevance of a combined UV and single mass spectrometry detection for the determination of tenofovir in human plasma by HPLC in therapeutic drug monitoring. J Chromatogr. B., 854: 192-197. CDC trials of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention, http:// www. cdc. gov/ hiv/ resources/Factsheets/PDF/prep.pdf Clauson KA, Polen HH, Joseph SA, Zapantis A (2009). Role of the pharmacist in pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP) therapy for HIV prevention. J. Pharm. Pract., 7: 11-18. Delahunty T, Bushman L, Fletcher CV (2006). Sensitive assay for determining plasma-tenofovir concentration by LC/MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B., 830: 6-12. Gomes NA, Vaidya VV, Pudage A, Loshi SS, Parekh SA (2008). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of tenofovir and emtricitabine in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 48: 918-926. Http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/021752s01 7lbl.pdf Kuklenyik Z, Martin A, Pau CP, Garcia-Lerma G, Heneine W, Pirkle JL, Barr JR (2009). Effect of Mobile Phase pH and Organic Content on LC–MS Analysis of Nucleoside and Nucleotide HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 47: 365-372. Kwarney BP, Flaherty JF, Shah J (2004). Tenofovir Disproxil Fumarate Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 43: 595-612. Rezk NL, Crutchley RD, Kashuba ADM (2005). Simultaneous quantification of emtricitabine and tenofovir in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography after solid phases extraction. J. Chromatogr. B., 822: 201-208.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(26), pp. 1901-1909, 15 July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.135 ISSN 1996-0816 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Cardio-tonic effect of the aqueous extract of whole plant of Crataegus aronia syn: azarolus (L) on isolated Rabbit’s heart Abdullah S. Shatoor Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha 24121, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: asshalghamdi@yahoo.com. Accepted 19 June, 2012 The aim of this work is to study the effect of aqueous extract of whole plant of Crataegus aronia on the force of contraction and heart rate of isolated rabbit’s heart. Six Isolated rabbit’s hearts were perfused through aorta in a Langendorff mode. Heart rate and contractility were determined for 5 min in the presence of 8 concentrations of C. aronia aqueous extract (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100 and 200 mg/ml) or adrenaline (0.05 mM) as control drug. The changes after each treatment were compared with their baseline values. Data were collected with the help of PowerLab data acquisition and analyzed by Labchart Pro 7 software. At all time intervals recorded, there were no significant changes in the force of contraction nor the heart rate (HR) after infusion of low concentrations of the extract (1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/ml). The maximum increase in force of contraction occurred at a dose of 40 mg/ml, while the maximum decrease in HR occurred at a dose of 20 mg/ml (P< 0.01). The highest doses of the extract (100 and 200 mg/ml) caused hardening of the heart, stopping of the perfusion fluid from entering and stopped the beating of the heart. Therefore, the aqueous extract of whole plant of C. aronia syn: azarolus (L) showed a positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects on isolated rabbit’s heart. Key words: Crataegus aronia, cardiovascular, rabbits. INTRODUCTION Cardiac disorders are of serious medical concern, and are increasing throughout the world (Brauwald et al., 2001). Several drugs with therapeutic value in congestive heart failure and those with positive inotropic effect such as cardiac glycosides and phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDI), have several side effects that limit their use (Packer et al., 1991; Uretsky et al., 1990). Medicinal plants have over the years constituted indispensable tools for research and development of new drugs (Bonati, 1980). Coupled with the fact that there are still many plants whose medicinal values have not been exploited, it is reasonable to describe the plant kingdom as a sleeping giant for potential drug development (Harvey, 2000). Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a plant native to Mediterranean region, North Africa, Europe and Central Asia. The medicinal use of its extracts date back to ancient times and now listed officially as herbal drugs in pharmacopoeias of countries, such as Germany, France, China and England (Chang et al., 2002b). There are more than 200 species of hawthorn worldwide, but only very few were tested and used medicinally to treat cardiovascular diseases, such as C. oxycantha, C. laevigata, C. monogyna, C. orientalis and C. pinnatifida (Bahorun et al., 2003). These studies showed that some of these species increase contraction of the heart, dilates coronary and peripheral blood vessels, and improves blood supply to the heart, thereby help in treating heart disease and mitigating symptoms in early stage of heart failure (Rewerski, 1967; Petkov et al., 1981; Wagner and Grevel, 1982; Leuchtgens, 1993; Reutxer, 1994; Rigelsky and Sweet, 2002). Crataegus aronia syn: azarolus (L), the predominant species which populates the mountains of the Mediterranean basin, has not been subjected to adequate scientific research. Several ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys on the therapeutic use of indigenous plants in Jordan and the Palestinian area
Page 1 and 2: African Journal of Pharmacy and Pha
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Figure 1. A schematic diagram showi
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shock. The features of PHC can expl
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Administration of single or repeate
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Ozardali I, Bitiren M, Ali ZK, Zeri
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Materials an
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Scavenging rate (%) Figure 1 Scaven
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sodium was then dissolved in 1000 m
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Concentration (ppm) Concentration (
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various contagious diseases such as
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 6th European C
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