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1932 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 0.03% in urine; 24.65 ± 1.75% in feces) following intravenous dosing and 43.02 ± 3.05% (4.13 ± 0.01% in urine; 38.89 ± 3.04% in feces) following oral dosing, demonstrating that biliary excretion and renal excretion are two major ways of elimination of VR and VR underwent extensive first-pass effect after oral administration and that not being absorbed was mainly excreted as feces. Recently, Ma et al. (2010) studied the excretions of VR after orally administrated hawthorn leaves extract and found that the total recovery of the dose in 24 h was 89.01% (0.72% in urine; 88.29% in feces) for VR (Ma et al., 2010), which is different from the results of monomer administration of VR were 43.02 ± 3.05% (4.13 ± 0.01% in urinary excretion; 38.89 ± 3.04% in fecal excretion) following oral dosing, suggesting that various kinds of components in hawthorn leaves extract affect the concentration and duration of VR in vivo. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (20072073), China. REFERENCES Cheng S, Qiu F, Huang J, He J (2007). Simultaneous determination of vitexin-2"-O-glucoside, vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside, rutin, and hyperoside in the extract of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) leaves by RP-HPLC with ultraviolet photodiode array detection. J. Sep. Sci. 30:717-721. Ding XB, Jiang YQ, Zhong Y, Zuo CX (1990). Studies on the chemical constituents of the leaves of the Crataegus pinnatifida Beg. var. major N. E. Br. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 15:39. Du Y, Wang F, Wang D, Li HB, Zhang WJ, Cheng ZZ, Ying XX, Kang TG (2011). Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of vitexin-2"-Orhamnoside in mice after oral and intravenous administration. Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 30:1519-1524. Liang MJ, Xu W, Zhang WD, Zhang C, Liu RH, Shen YH, Li HL, Wang XL, Wang XW, Pan QP, Chen CL (2007). Quantitative LC/MS/MS method and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of vitexin rhamnoside, a bioactive constituent on cardiovascular system from hawthorn. Biomed. Chromatogr. 21:422-429. Ma LY, Liu RH, Xu XD, Yu MQ, Zhang Q, Liu HL (2010). The pharmacokinetics of C-glycosyl flavones of Hawthorn leaf flavonoids in rat after single dose oral administration. Phytomedicine 17:640- 645. Ninfali P, Bacchiocca M, Antonelli A, Biagiotti E, Di Gioacchino AM, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Brandi G (2007). Characterization and biological activity of the main flavonoids from Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla). Phytomedicine 14: 216-21. The Pharmacopoeia Commission of PRC (2010). The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Part 1, In: Li Y et al (eds), Chin. Med. Sci. Technol. Press. Beijing, pp. 30. Ying XX, Gao S, Zhu WL, Bi YJ, Qin F, Li XQ, Li FM (2007). Highperformance liquid chromatographic determination and pharmacokinetic study of vitexin-2''-O-rhamnoside in rat plasma after intravenous administration. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44:802-806. Zhu XX, Li LD, Liu JX, Liu ZY, Ma XY (2006). Effect of vitexiarhamnoside (V-R) on vasomotor factors expression of endothelial cell. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 31:566-569. Zhu XX, Li LD, Liu ZX, Liu ZY, Ma XY (2003). The Protective effects of vitexia-rhamnoside (VR) on the cultured cardiacmyocytes damaged by hypoxia and reoxygenation. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 1:44-49.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(26), pp. 1933-1937, 15 July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.308 ISSN 1996-0816 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Comparison of side effects and marital satisfaction between the women taking cyclofem and depomedroxyprogesterone contraceptive ampoules Gholamitabar Tabari M. 1 , Moslemi L. 1 *, Esmaelzadeh S. 2 and Bijani A. 3 1 Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University Of Sari, Sari, Iran. 2 Fatemehzahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran. 3 Non-communicable Pediatric Disease Research Center, Amircola Hospital, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran. Accepted 21 May, 2012 None of the contraceptive methods is fault-free and all come with some complications. In this study we investigated the comparison of complications and marital satisfaction between the women taking cyclofem contraceptive ampoule and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). This study was performed on 300 married women using cyclofem and depot medroxyprogesterone for family planning, with 150 people in each group. Data collection tools included two types of questionnaires; one for studying the complications and the other for examining the marital satisfaction (Enrich Couple Questionnaire). The results obtained indicated that increased days of menstrual bleeding in depomedroxy consumers were more than those of cyclofem consumers, and there was a significant difference (P = 0.004). Furthermore, both groups are similar in terms of weight changes, mood disorders, libido changes and all other complications and there was no significant difference. It was also found that cyclofem ampoule was used by 62% for one year, while depo-medroxy ampoule was used by 60% for one year; the continuation rate of using depo-medroxyprogesterone was more than cyclofem (P = 0.02). There was no significant relationship between marital satisfaction and age, education, number of children and job. Average marital satisfaction in women using depomedroxyprogesterone contraceptive method was 116.79± 8.62, which was significantly higher than the average marital satisfaction in women using cyclofem contraceptive method as 114.53± 7.16 (P = 0.01). Based on the results achieved in the present and similar studies, it can be concluded that the complications caused by cyclofem and depo-medroxyprogesterone ampoules are similar and they have no significant difference; and these complications are not fatal and irreversible. Key words: Side effects, family planning, cyclofem, depo-medroxy. INTRODUCTION Although in recent years, world population (Nowels and Veillette, 2010) as well as Iran’s population growth has been declining (Mohammad, 2009; UNFPA, 2008), there is still a need for family planning to reduce poverty and to enjoy more health for mother and child as well as for better training (Cleland et al., 2006). On the other hand, *Corresponding author. E-mail: moslemi.iausari@gmail.com. Tel: +98-911-1168064. recent reports indicate that the rate of unwanted pregnancies (Faghihzadeh et al., 2003) and induced abortion is high in Iran (Majlessi et al., 2008; Nojomi et al., 2006). Based on the past studies, one-third of pregnancies in large cities (Tehran) are unwanted, resulting in increased rate of illegal abortions and thus endangering maternal health (Nojomi et al., 2006). Nowadays, there are a variety of contraceptive methods, including hormonal contraceptives such as cyclofem and depo-medroxyprogesterone. In Some countries, the use of injectable contraceptive is more than
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African Journal of Pharmacy and Pha
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Editors Sharmilah Pamela Seetulsing
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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various contagious diseases such as
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Table 3. Antibacterial MIC (µg/ml)
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Table 5. Contd. 1/5 14.7 ± 0.6 39.
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 6th European C
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African Journal of Pharmacy and Pha
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