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1980 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. K1 concentration (ppm) Na concentration (ppm) Time (h) Figure 2. Effect on sodium excretion in urine by double dose of different diuretics. Time (h) Figure 3. Effect on potassium excretion in urine by single dose of different diuretics. dose of Spiromide (Figure 6). The third medicine, Aldactone was also given to four persons with two single and two double dosages. It was also observed that the medicines have not sharp diuretics effect (Figure 7), as compared to the medicine discussed earlier. The fourth and last medicine used was Conium which was a homeopathic drug. It was noted the excreted value of sodium firstly decreases as in the case of single dosage but the rate of decrease with bit slower down (Figure 8). However, the extent of decrease remained the same. From these observations, we can say that this medicine can be composed of two compounds one may be having a short time and other long time effect. This action of medicine may be useful for patient or can be K2 concentration (ppm) Time (h) Figure 4. Effect on potassium excretion in urine by double dose of different diuretics. Concentration (ppm) Time (h) Figure 5. Lasix single and double dose effects on sodium and potassium excretion. Concentration (ppm) Time (h) Figure 6. Spiromide single and double dose effects on sodium and potassium excretion.
Concentration (ppm) Concentration (ppm) Time (h) Time (h) Figure 7. Aldactone single and double dose effects on sodium and potassium excretion. Concentration (ppm) Time (h) Figure 8. Effect of Conium on sodium and potassium excretion after single and double dose of administration. dangerous for others depending upon the disease and the requirements of the model patient. Conclusions If we compare the observation made as analysis of urine and the report made by the model, the following statement can be made about these drugs: The first two medicines (Lasix and Spiromide) investigated disturb the body system very much either by increasing or decreasing the excreted amount of sodium Ullah et al. 1981 or potassium up to a large extent. However, they were very good as a diuretic that is the amount of water excreted from the body as urine also increases up to a large extent which is considered to be the primary task of such medicine. Aldoctone, used for study purpose showed very little change in sodium or potassium with time from equilibrium value. Therefore, we can say that it can be very safe drugs but on the other hand the urine excretion was not very high after administration of drugs as noted by the models. Therefore, we can say that though this medicine is a good at one hand but does not perform its own primary function for which it is used. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University Riyadh for funding the work through the research Group project No RGP-VPP- 076. REFERENCES Birtwhistle RV, Godwin MS, Delva MD (2004). Randomised equivalence trial comparing three month and six month follow up of patients with hypertension by family practitioners. Br. Med. J. 328(7433):204. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE (2004) Angiotensisn-converting enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(20):2058-2068. Briggs GG (1998). Medication use during the perinatal period. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (Wash) 38(6):717-726. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, Selvesh J (2000). Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium. Lancet 356(9227):366-372. Buchet JP, Lauwerys RR (1973). Measurement of urinaryhippuric and m-metilhippuric acids by gas chromatography. Br. J. Ind. Med. 30: 125-128. Capps JN, Wiggins WS, Axelrod DR, Pitts RF (1952). The effect of mercurial diuretics on the excretion of water. Circulation 6: 82-9. doi. 10.1161/01.CIR.6.1.82. Carlberg B, Samuelsson O, Lindholm LH (2004). Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice? Lancet 364(9446):1684-1689. Martinez-Maldonado M, Cordova HR (1990). Cellular and molecular aspects of the renal effects of diuretic agents. Kidney Int. 38: 632- 641. PMID: 2172617. Brown MJ, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak AF, MacGregor NR, Poulter GA, Russell GI, Thom S, Williams B (2003). Better blood pressure control: how to combine drugs, J. Hum. Hypertens. 17:81-86. Pickkers P, Hughes AD, Russel FG (1998). hiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation. Hypertension 32(6):1071-1076. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD (2003). Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network metaanalysis. JAMA 289(19):2534-2544. Staessen JA, Wang JG (2001). This L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 358(9290): 1305- 1315. Staessen JA, Wang JG, This L (2003). Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: A quantitative overview updated until 1 March, J. Hypertens. 21(6):1055-1076. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ (2004). Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J. Hum. Hypertens. 18(3):139- 185.
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African Journal of Pharmacy and Pha
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Editors Sharmilah Pamela Seetulsing
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Minimum inhibitory concentration (M
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Kim et al. 1887 Table 4. Antimicrob
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Klevens RM, Morrison M A, Nadle J,
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Figure 1. Chemical structure of ten
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ng/ml by 4.9 ml blank plasma with 5
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Figure 5. Chromatogram of plasma sp
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Figure 7. Chromatogram of a healthy
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Figure 11. Chromatograms of standar
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Shatoor 1903 Figure 1. The effect o
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Heart rate (Beats/min.) 345 330 315
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Table 2. Percent of changes in hear
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heart rate on coronary flow and car
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Urinary tract infections are the mo
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Table 1. Study characteristics of i
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Table 1. contd. Sun GQ 37 007 Ross
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Study or Subgroup Cai SF 2003 Gao H
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Study or Subgroup Cai SF 2003 Gao H
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cure rate and clinical effective ra
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Table 1. The expression of KAI1 and
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