An innovative greywater treatment system for urban areas ... - SuSanA

Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und
Reaktorsicherheit) in 1998. The following paragraph characterises the overall concept:
“A sustainable water management is the integrated management of all artificial and natural
water circuits (in part) with respect to three major objectives:
� The long-term protection of water as habitat or as a central element of habitats.
� The protection of water in its various facets as a resource for the present and for
future generations.
� The development of options for a durable nature-friendly, economic and social
development.
By meeting the objectives, the requirements arising from the need for sustainable
development appearing in other sectors, are also considered. …” (Kahlenborn & Kraemer,
1998).
2.4.3 CRITERIA IDENTIFICATION
Sustainability criteria have been used for classification of the headlines. Based on the
literature review of sustainable sanitary concepts, the main components and criteria were
identified (Hellström et al., 2000):
� Health and hygiene criteria
� Economic criteria
� Functional and technical criteria
� Environmental criteria
� Socio-cultural criteria
In a further step, appropriate components for the subgroups of the identified main groups
needed to be defined. According to literature studies and a master’s thesis on a “Framework
to assess the international adaptability of the urban sanitation system implemented within the
project SANIRESCH” by Josep Maria de Trincheria (2010), the following meaningful criteria
were identified and used within this analysis:
� Health and hygiene criteria
o Quality of purified greywater
o Stability of permeate quality
o Legislative requirements for wastewater treatment technologies
� Economic criteria
o Direct governmental funding for treatment plants
o Indirect incentives on greywater treatment systems
o Investment costs of the system (treatment plant, piping system)
o Operating expenses (maintenance, spare parts)
o Charge for energy (in general or accumulation in the building)
o Charge for drinking water (in general or accumulation in the building)
o Charge for wastewater (in general or accumulation in the building)
o Price of land
� Functional and technical criteria
o Yearly maintenance
o Stability of operation
o Break downs
� Environmental criteria
o Water scarcity (physical/economical)
o Freshwater quality
o Number of persons situated in the building
o Accumulation of greywater
o Sewer system available
o Population/settlement density
o Urbanisation rate
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