An innovative greywater treatment system for urban areas ... - SuSanA

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3.7 IDENTIFICATION OF GLOBAL HOTSPOTS FOR GREYWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE BY MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY The evaluation to identify global hotspots regarding international transferability of membrane bioreactor technology is based on a trimmed-down version of the utility analysis. Only environmental criteria are assessed, to identify ideal countries for implementation of MBR plants. Based on insights provided from the following; water scarcity, freshwater quality, population density and urbanisation rate; an utility analysis was conducted and a rating of international hotspots was compiled. In section 2.5, the method to identify ideal international applications for MBR technology is described and detailed information about the criteria rating is available there. 3.7.1 GLOBAL WATER STRESS The availability of water around the world differs extremely. One of the strongest reasons to implement water saving techniques such as greywater recycling is water scarcity. In this paragraph regions of the world were identified which are facing or approaching water scarcity. Figure 22 gives an overview of global water scarcity in physical and economic respect, the definition of physical and economic scarcity in included in the description of the legend. Figure 22: Areas of physical and economic water scarcity; (IWMI, 2006) 58
In the Near East and North Africa most countries suffer from acute water scarcity, as do countries such as Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, and large parts of China and India. The bulk of the demand for water in these countries is allocated to irrigated agriculture, and this is also usually the first sector affected by water shortage and increased scarcity. The result is often a decrease of capacity to maintain per capita food production while meeting water needs for domestic, industrial and environmental purposes (UN-Water, 2006). Physical water scarcity is concentrated in the MENA region (Middle East & North Africa), especially in the countries of Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara Territory and Yemen. In many areas of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia the problem also occurs. The main regions with economic water scarcity are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, they are not listed here. In the evaluation, regions with economic water scarcity are not in the main focus, because economic water supply problems usually indicate immense poverty in the country. A high-tech solution of greywater treatment by MBR technology is in such a case only an opportunity in very limited areas, with good infrastructure in such countries. For example, uninterrupted power supply for the treatment plant is mandatory and this can often not be provided in extremely poor regions. In this work, it was not possible to investigate areas with economic water scarcity in relation to their potential for the introduction of greywater recycling via MBR, but with further evaluation useful applications in these regions could certainly be identified. In total 32 countries which are suffering from lack of water or approaching water scarcity were picked out as hotspots (see Table 25). These countries need to focus on the efficient use of all water sources (groundwater, surface water and rainfall) and on water allocation strategies that maximize the economic and social returns of the limited water resources (UN- Water, 2006). Therefore, water scarcity (N1) was defined as the indicator criterion to identify the most meaningful countries to conduct the evaluation on, based on that pre-selection the identification of hotspots for international transferability of the membrane bioreactor technology was made. All further estimations and appraisals were conducted for these 32 countries. Table 25: International countries facing water scarcity; (according IWMI, (2006) selected by K. Löw) Country Water scarcity 1 Afghanistan exist./appr. 2 Algeria existing 3 Australia (south) existing 4 China (north) existing 5 Egypt existing 6 India exist./appr. 7 Iran approaching 8 Israel approaching 9 Jordan existing 10 Kazakhstan exist./appr. 11 Kyrgyzstan exist./appr. 12 Lebanon approaching 13 Libya existing 14 Madagascar approaching 15 Mexico exist./appr. 16 Morocco existing 17 Mozambique exist./appr. 18 Oman existing 19 Pakistan exist./appr. 59
Page 1 and 2:
Master’s Thesis AN INNOVATIVE GRE
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ABSTRACT In its German headquarters
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3.7 Identification of global hotspo
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Overview of
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ABBREVIATIONS AHP Analytical hierar
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1 INTRODUCTION In regions of the wo
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2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 LITERAT
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To get an overview of chronological
Page 17 and 18: Table 2: Microbiological load of gr
Page 19 and 20: 2.1.5 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Genera
Page 21 and 22: Figure 7: Ground plot of GIZ main b
Page 23 and 24: Figure 10: Schematic view of preced
Page 25 and 26: 3. Storage tank for permeate: In th
Page 27 and 28: 2.4 GREYWATER TREATMENT VIA MBR TEC
Page 29 and 30: matrix that shows all objective cri
Page 31 and 32: � Socio-cultural criteria o Gener
Page 33 and 34: Only the legislative requirements f
Page 35 and 36: An important factor for the assessm
Page 37 and 38: equirements of purity (Sieghart, 20
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 METHOD TO IDENTIFY IDEAL INTERN
Page 41 and 42: Population per km 2 arable land: 0
Page 43 and 44: such as in densely populated areas.
Page 45 and 46: Table 13: International greywater t
Page 47 and 48: Due to the complexities, involved i
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 PLANT TECHNOLOGY IN ESCHBORN As
Page 51 and 52: humins, which are high molecular or
Page 53 and 54: 3.4 SANIRESCH RESEARCH PROJECT AND
Page 55 and 56: ut in a hotel the drain from shower
Page 57 and 58: Cleaning water for preceeding scree
Page 59 and 60: Water costs: In contrast to energy
Page 61 and 62: treatment plants in different circu
Page 63 and 64: 3.6 INVESTIGATION OF INTERNATIONAL
Page 65 and 66: “Dead Sea Spa” hotel/Jordan; (a
Page 67: In this comparison of three project
Page 71 and 72: Table 26: Water quality index (WQI)
Page 73 and 74: 3.7.4 URBANISATION Country populati
Page 75 and 76: Table 29: Ranking of countries idea
Page 77 and 78: e based on legal, economic, socio-c
Page 79 and 80: 3.8 FUTURE PROSPECTS 3.8.1 LEGAL FO
Page 81 and 82: 4 CONCLUSIONS The membrane bioreact
Page 83 and 84: 5 REFERENCES Ackermann, K. (2010).
Page 85 and 86: Herbst, H. (2008). Bewertung zentra
Page 87 and 88: Rohr, T. (2004). Einsatz eines mehr
Page 89 and 90: Hauptgebäude. In S. fbr15, Wassera
Page 91 and 92: 6.5 ENERGY PRICE (GROSS) IN GERMANY
Page 93 and 94: 6.8 UTILITY ANALYSIS (TRIMMED-DOWN
Page 95 and 96: Identification of ideal internation
Page 101 and 102: 6.9 POSTER 94
Page 103: EHRENWÖRTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG Ich vers
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