13th Annual International Management Conference Proceeding

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From the regression above, all the four factors were significant in explaining banana production. Land was noted to be the major factor with the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.736. This IRR means that a one unit increase in land will increase banana output by 1.736. From the qualitative data gathered, the vital question was the size and quality of land. As Feeder (1988) noted, a critical issue for smallholders is the shortage of good quality farming land. Increasing population pressure and fragmentation of holdings have sharply reduced cultivated area per person. A unit increase in capital was found to increase output by only 0.71.This is less compared to land and labour.Increase in agricultural implements is not likely to increase output like other factors if labour is not applied to it. From the qualitative data, the reason for this is that most agricultural activities are left into the hands of the elderly and women as young people spend most of their time in towns and trading centres.Men also spent most of their time drinking thus leaving some agricultural implements unutilized. Capital is therefore left unutilized. According to Chambers (1982) Much as Labour shortage causes low agricultural output, it is important to note that the problem at times ceases to be Labour shortage in reality, but rather people's unwillingness to supply their Labour in certain agricultural activities. In such a situation there will always be lack of Labour to increase output within the available manpower. Hence the amount of output produced will always disproportionably rhyme with the number of those to consume thus leading to low output. Application of manure was found to determine banana production in the area. Respondents were earlier divided into two groups (i.e. those who applied manure and those who did not). From the study, those who applied manure were likely to increase output more than those who did not apply manure. From the table below, there was a 95% confidence interval of 34.88-45.67(for non users of manure) and 96.30-120.50(for users of manure). Table 3.2: CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 77 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound .00 96 40.2813 26.62792 2.71770 34.8859 45.6766 2.00 156.00 1.00 104 108.4038 62.22719 6.10188 96.3022 120.5055 11.00 236.00 Total 200 75.7050 59.21860 4.18739 67.4477 83.9623 2.00 236.00 Application of Manure was found to be statistically significant in explaining variations in output. The ANOVA Table shows a significant difference between the two categories. TABLE 3.3: ANOVA Table Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 231663.150 1 231663.150 98.390 .000 Within Groups 466198.445 198 2354.538 Total 697861.595 199 The statistical significance of the variables (Land, Labour, and Capital) together with positive coefficients confirms that these factors determine banana production in the area. Qualitative data from the field confirms this as indicated below.
Land Land size and land fragmentation This was found to be the major problem affecting agricultural output. The average household size was 7 persons while the average land holding is 2.5 acres of land per household according to 2002 National Housing and Population census. The findings of the study however indicated that all households interviewed own at least some pieces of land. The vital question was the size and quality of land. Out of the 200 respondents, 163 reported that the size of land was not enough for increased production. Because of limited size of land, most farmers cannot enjoy the scale economies of production. The problem of land size has been aggravated by land fragmentation. This refers to a situation where land has been divided and sub – divided into smaller prices owing to the independence of married sons. The findings indicate that out of 200 respondents, 152 indicated that they own more than one plots of land detached from each other. It is this problem of land fragmentation that has limited the mechanical transformation of agriculture. The problem of land fragmentation was found to be getting worse as families expand in size. The problem of land size has its roots in the traditional systems of land transfer in which boys are given parts of land after getting married. It should be noted that efforts to consolidate this land most often becomes futile since under a traditional setting these fragmented plots of land fall under different ownership. Land quality The problem of land size is aggravated by the quality of this land. A critical issue for small holders in the Sub County is the shortage of good quality farming land. One hundred and seventy three (173) respondents indicated that the quality was poor. The quality of land was found to be declining following the expansion of most families that puts pressure on land. The quality of the farming land is also deteriorating because of many factors. The traditional practice of cut and burn or shifting cultivation, which enables land to regenerate, has declined owing to a weak male labour to perform the tasks of land clearing. This has sharply reduced the capacity of the area to supply food to the neighboring towns. Land Ownership Under the traditional settings, land is owned by men who are the heads of households. Although this is changing, it remains a problem in Nyakyera sub- county since men have to determine the allocation of land and sometimes men have to rent out some plots of land to get money for drinking. One hundred and two (102) respondents reported that land is owned by men while 92 said that land is owned by the whole family members. Four (4) respondents were not sure of who exactly owns their land. Whereas most women do not own land, it is important to note that they are most active members of the family in agriculture. Men concentrate on light work such as clearing the bush and building perimeter fenced around the gardens and looking after the goats. A positive relationship is expected between individual land rights and productivity. Feeder (1988) hypothesized that increased individualization of rights improves a farmer’s ability to reap returns from investments on land, resulting in greater demand for land improvements and complementary inputs. Labour The average household size from sample was seven (7) persons but the average number of people involved in day to day activities in agriculture was three (3). This according to the respondents is attributed to high number of young people how spend most of their time in trading centers in hat has been termed as assumed urbanization operating boda- boda but never bring money home. The skills of those who remain in rural areas are very low Skills Most of the respondents rated themselves as semi-skilled due to lack of regular trainings and workshops. It was further indicated that 172 respondents has not received any training in the last 2 years. Of all those who had received some raining, 75 % indicated that this training had not increased their output. Results showed that although there are trainings received by some farmers, there have been little changes in the output level. Because of this, many are reluctant in attending seminars organized by District farmers’ 78
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Gender diversity on the Board, Inte
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its own. Relationship-based assets
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Boards, for example, enable the fir
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H7: Firms with diverse boards are i
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29. Johnson, J., Daily, C., and Ell
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population in Kenya especially in a
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John Adair highlighted the importan
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PRACTICAL ANALYSIS TO RESOLVING KEY
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SUB-THEME : SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES A
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ecognize and nourish their capabili
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threatened by increased dynamism in
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2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK At the ro
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2.1 Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Dev
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FIGURE I: THE ROLE OF KENYA INSITIT
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4.2.3 Researches Services This is a
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Source: GOK, Central Bureau of Stat
Page 33 and 34: with regard to training, research a
Page 35 and 36: REFERENCES 1. Balunywa Waswa, (2004
Page 37 and 38: APPENDIX I: SCHEDULED PROGRAMMES RU
Page 39 and 40: economy activities that include one
Page 41 and 42: III. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE (S
Page 43 and 44: two professors used a survey questi
Page 45 and 46: V. RECOMMENDATIONS : ADDRESSING THE
Page 47 and 48: 16. International Finance Corporati
Page 49 and 50: DEVELOPING INTRAPRENEURSHIP IN SMAL
Page 51 and 52: � Innovators � Leaders � Inde
Page 53 and 54: The intrapreneur is really the corp
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1 The Model of Intrapreneurs
Page 57 and 58: 1. Leadership - Any organizational
Page 59 and 60: to (Kolveried and Amo, 2002). This
Page 61 and 62: REFERENCES 1. Antoncic, Bostjan and
Page 63 and 64: 39. Kibas, Peter B. and George O. K
Page 65 and 66: 75. Whitehead Martin (2004). Rescue
Page 67 and 68: Perceived desirability Perceived fe
Page 69 and 70: experience empathy is a social entr
Page 71 and 72: ATTITUDES (Behavioral beliefs x Out
Page 73 and 74: Sociologists and organizational the
Page 75 and 76: accountability. They assess their p
Page 77 and 78: DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT
Page 79 and 80: The Objective of the study The obje
Page 81 and 82: A production function portrays an i
Page 83: But, Y � ax j i i bi xj b ui je .
Page 87 and 88: Agricultural Extension Because of l
Page 89 and 90: REFERENCES: 1. Chambers R. (1983) R
Page 91 and 92: The training approach to small ente
Page 93 and 94: Topic of Training No. of Respondent
Page 95 and 96: Key to Figure A - More capital inve
Page 97 and 98: Conclusion programmes were implemen
Page 99 and 100: Bibliography 1. Abrahamson, R and H
Page 101 and 102: whether those trained start their o
Page 103 and 104: Changes were also noted in business
Page 105 and 106: Conclusions From the findings, ther
Page 107 and 108: References 1. Baldwin, T. T., & For
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13th Annual International Management Conference Proceeding

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