dr. ronald e. mcnair acknowledgements - University of St. Thomas

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UST McNair Scholars Program Research Journal National Center on Child Poverty (2010). Retrieved from www.nccp.org/topics/childpoverty.html National Head Start Association (NHSA). (2011). Retrieved from http://nhsa.org Office of Head Start. (2011). US Department of Health and Human Services: Administration for Children and Families. Retrieved from www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohs/policy/ index.html#2011 Parents in Community Action. (2010). Retrieved from http://picaheadstart.org/ Povell, P. (2007). Maria Montessori: Portrait of a young woman. Montessori Life, 19(1), 22-24. Retrieved from Full Text HTMLFull Text PDFCLICnet search HTML: http://ezproxy.stthomas.edu/login?URL=http://vnweb.hwwil sonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790 e0c3084bda701719f467ac59a6bb337e56e0766967bc1123a e3e7bfb2dde19635&fmt=HPDF: Puma, M., Bell, S., Cook, R., Heid, C., Shapiro, G., Broene, P., & Westat, I. (2010). Head start impact study. final report. Administration for Children & Families. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.stthomas.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohos t.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED507845&si te=ehost-live Rambusch McCormick, N. (2010). Freedom, order, and the child: self-control and mastery of the world mark the dynamic Montessori method. Montessori Life: A Publication of the American Montessori Society, 22(1), 38-43. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.stthomas.edu/login?url=http://search. ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ882 226&site=ehost-live; www.amshq.org/mLife/10_01/toc.htm Robinson, W. Y. (2006). Culture, race, diversity: How Montessori spells success in public schools. Montessori Life: A Publication of the American Montessori Society, 18(4), 9. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.stthomas.edu/login?url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric &AN=EJ746917&site=ehost-live; www.amshq.org/publications.htm# Shore, R. A. (2009). Reframing the first day of school. School Administrator, 66(10), 22-25. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.stthomas.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohos t.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ861362&sit e=ehost-live; www.aasa.org/SchoolAdministratorArticle. aspx?id=8454 Teaching Strategies, Inc. (2011) Retrieved from www.teachingstrategies.com/ U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Educational Sciences, What Works Clearinghouse. (2009). The Creative Curriculum for Preschool. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.stthomas.edu/ login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru e&db=eric&AN=ED506156&site=ehost-live Zigler, E., Gordic, B., & Styfco, S. J. (2007). What is the goal of head start? four decades of confusion and debate. NHSA 40 Dialog, 10(2), 83-97. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. stthomas.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.as px?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ828008&site=ehost-live; www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&id= doi:10.1080/15240750701491233
ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is the causative agent of AIDS, a pandemic affecting over 30 million people worldwide. Understanding how drug resistance develops in HIV is essential for improving antiretroviral therapy and is an important research area in the fight against HIV/AIDS. While much is known about HIV-1, the virus that accounts for majority of global infections and the mutations it acquires during drug resistance, information on HIV-2’s drug resistance is limited to a handful of studies. HIV-2 is prevalent in West Africa and the limited spread of the infection contributes to the lack of available research on this virus type. The present study will investigate HIV- 2 drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a drug class that inhibits activity of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, a major generator of mutations in HIV. We will create HIV-2 mutants containing HIV-1 resistant conferring mutations and observe how the mutants influence drug susceptibility and mutation frequency, two factors that stimulate drug resistance. NRTI-resistant reverse transcriptase increases mutation frequency in HIV-1, which results in a higher selection for drug resistant mutations and further diminishes NRTI potency. Because HIV-1 and HIV-2 have similar reverse transcriptase enzymes, we hypothesized that HIV-2 resistant RT would also increase mutation frequency and HIV-1 mutations will confer resistance in HIV-2. Current results from two, single round replication assays and flow cytometry show that HIV-2 has an average mutant frequency of 0.239 ± 0.041 (first replicate) and 0.273 ± 0.033 (second replicate). HIV-2 mutants will be generated by site-directed mutagenesis, and we can observe how these mutations influence mutant frequency and drug susceptibility. The ultimate goal is to develop a better understanding of HIV-2 drug resistance that could be used to create potential treatment options for the HIV-2 infection. INTRODUCTION A retrovirus is a RNA virus that encodes for the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme; RT converts viral RNA into DNA that can be integrated in a host cell’s nucleus. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and replicates inside of T cells, a group of white blood cells that play a role in immune defense. The HIV life cycle begins when a virus particle binds and fuses into the host cell and releases its genetic material as RNA. The reverse transcriptase enzyme converts viral RNA into DNA, which is then transported into the host’s nucleus and spliced into human genetic material by the integrase enzyme. Proviral DNA is transcribed, using human enzymes, into mRNA and complete copies of HIV genetic material. The mRNA is used as a blueprint to create long chains of HIV protein. Protease cuts these chains into individual proteins, which join with HIV genetic copies to form a new virus particle. As the newly assembled virus particle is released from the host cell, it takes part of the cell’s membrane containing proteins necessary to bind to and infect new cells (Tavassoli, 2011). HIV is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS, a pandemic affecting over 30 million people worldwide. There are two types of HIV; HIV-1 is the common virus accounting for the majority of infections globally, and HIV-2 is centralized to West Africa. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are genetically similar; their virion (virus particle) structures are alike and they EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF HIV-1 RESISTANT CONFERRING MUTATIONS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE IN HIV-2 Mondraya Howard ’13 University of St. Thomas Mentor Louis Mansky, Ph.D. Professor of Microbiology and Diagnostic and Biological Sciences University of Minnesota 41
Page 1 and 2: DR. RONALD E. MCNAIR Ronald E. McNa
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The purpose of the present
Page 5 and 6: Oluwademilade Adediran Psychology M
Page 21 and 22: ABSTRACT Early childhood education
Page 23 and 24: Kesha Berg Public Policy Enhancing
Page 41: Kesha Berg Public Policy Enhancing
Page 45 and 46: Mondraya Howard Pharmacy HIV-1 Resi
Page 47 and 48: Mondraya Howard Pharmacy HIV-1 Resi
Page 49 and 50: ABSTRACT Food waste in the United S
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Page 63 and 64: ABSTRACT This research discusses he
Page 65 and 66: Chia Lee Public Health Health care
Page 75 and 76: Mai-Eng Lee Social Work Teachers’
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX B INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Back

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