dr. ronald e. mcnair acknowledgements - University of St. Thomas

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UST McNair Scholars Program Research Journal Mansky, L., Pearl, D., and Gajary, L., (2002). Combination of Drugs and Drug-Resistant Reverse Transcriptase Results in a Multiplicative Increase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutant Frequency. The Journal of Virology, 76(18), 9253-59. Menendez-Arias, L. (2002). Targeting HIV: antiretroviral therapy and development of drug resistance. TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences. 23 (8), 381-387. Menendez- Arias, L. (2008). Mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Virus Research, 134, 124-146. Rhodes, B., Holguin, A., Soriano, V., Dourana, M., Mansinho, K., Antunes, F., and Gonazalez, J. (2000). Emergence of Drug Resistance Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2- Infected Subjects Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38: 1370-74. Sarafianos, S., Das, K., Hughes, S., and Arnold, E. (2004). Taking Aim at a Moving Target: Designing Drugs to Inhibit Drug- Resistant HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptases. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 14: 716-30. Smith, R., Gottlieb, G., Anderson, D., Pyrak, C., and Preston, B. (2008). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 Comparable Sensitivities to Zidovudine and Other Nucleoside Analog Inhibitors In Vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52: 329-32 Smith, R., Anderson, D., Pyrak, C., Preston, B., and Gottlieb, G. (2009). Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in HIV-2: Three Amino Acid Changes Are Sufficient for Classwide Nucleoside Analogue Resistance. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 199, 1323-1326. Tavassoli, A. (2011). Targeting the protein- protein interactions of the HIV Lifecycle. Chemical Society Reviews, 40, 1337-1346 Van der Ende, M., Guillon, C., Boers, P., Ly, T., Gruters, R., Osterhaus, A., and Schutten, M. (2000). Antiviral Resistance of Biologic HIV-2 Clones obtained from Individuals on Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (JAIDS). 25. 11-18. 46
ABSTRACT Food waste in the United States is contributing to serious environmental, economic, and social distress. Individual consumers have the potential to combat food waste through a variety of simple mitigation practices. An important unanswered question is what would motivate Americans to waste less food. The current research adapted methods used by Nolan et al. to explore stated motivations for conserving energy. As in the Nolan et al. study, we presented 239 participants with either an information-only message or one of four messages describing a reason to reduce food waste: environmental, financial self interest, social responsibility, and descriptive social norm. In addition, we tested whether the addition of a striking image of food waste made the message more motivating. Different from the case of energy conservation, our participants reported that the financial self-interest message was most motivating. However, the result of this study demonstrated that participants expressed similar motivations to reduce food waste as they did to conserve energy. Future research will examine whether a further pattern found in energy conservation also holds true for reducing food waste: that though people do not express explicit motivation from a social norm message, it has the highest influence on actual behavior. America is a nation that throws away almost half of its food (Stuart, 2009). This enormous amount of food waste endangers the environment, the economy, and society. One of the most severe environmental problems with food waste is the fact that food waste in landfills is one of the leading sources of methane, a harmful greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. From an economic standpoint, many Americans cannot financially afford to waste money during a recession, yet spend money on food that ultimately gets thrown into the garbage. Finally, food waste is a social problem: How is it that in a country concerned with nationwide obesity, millions go without being able to eat each day? The United States’ food waste habits are contradictory to its goals of protecting the environment, gaining financial stability, and being a responsible society. BLOOM’S THREE: WHY FOOD WASTE MATTERS Food waste is pervasive in America, and occurs at all stages of American food production and consumption. In his book American Wasteland, Jonathan Bloom (2010) explains how food is wasted throughout the agricultural process, beginning at the farm and ending with consumers. First, harvesters must pick through their crops and select only the best produce to sell to markets. The remaining crops are often hauled off to landfills where the potentially edible food is dumped and left to rot. The long travel period of most produce leads to more food waste. By the time the produce reaches the market, grocers must perform another pick through and discard produce that does not meet their premium standards. Finally, consumers purchase fruits and vegetables, use a portion of what is purchased, and throw away what goes bad, what is not wanted, or both. Considering only what is thrown away at home, an average American wastes an annual total of 197 pounds of food, about the weight of WASTE(LESS): A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TOWARD REDUCING FOOD WASTE Bridgette Kelly ’12 University of St. Thomas Mentor Christie Manning, Ph.D. Visiting Assistant Professor of Environmental Psychology Macalester College 47
Page 1 and 2: DR. RONALD E. MCNAIR Ronald E. McNa
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The purpose of the present
Page 5 and 6: Oluwademilade Adediran Psychology M
Page 21 and 22: ABSTRACT Early childhood education
Page 23 and 24: Kesha Berg Public Policy Enhancing
Page 43 and 44: ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency vir
Page 45 and 46: Mondraya Howard Pharmacy HIV-1 Resi
Page 47: Mondraya Howard Pharmacy HIV-1 Resi
Page 51 and 52: Bridgette Kelly Environmental Scien
Page 63 and 64: ABSTRACT This research discusses he
Page 65 and 66: Chia Lee Public Health Health care
Page 75 and 76: Mai-Eng Lee Social Work Teachers’
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX B INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Back

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