Regulatory oversight of nuclear safety in Finland. Annual ... - STUK

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1 Fundamentals of nuclear safety regulation Regulatory control by STUK is based on the Nuclear Energy Act. The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) is responsible for the regulatory control of nuclear safety in Finland. Its responsibilities include the control of physical protection and emergency response, as well as the safeguards for nuclear materials necessary to prevent nuclear proliferation. Strategy process Integrated safety assessment. Radiation protection. Defence-in-depth. Barriers. Organizational factors. Standing and annual safety goals. Decisions, protocols and inspection reports. Annual plan for the oversight. Oversight of New Plant Projects and Plant Modifications Changes at the nuclear facility Safety Assessments and Analysis Deterministic safety analysis Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) Safety performance indicators; analysis and feedback Oversight of Operations Compliance with Technical Specifications Incidents Oversight of outage management Maintenance and ageing management Fire protection Radiation protection Emergency preparedness Physical protection Reviews and inspections. Review and assessment. Inspections. Periodic inspection programmes. Resident inspectors. Other sources: Research. International operating experience. International co-operation. Figure 1. Oversight of nuclear facilities; from strategy to implementation. STUK-B 147 STUK lays down detailed requirements concerning nuclear safety. STUK contributes to the processing of applications for licences under the Nuclear Energy Act, controls compliance with the licence conditions, and formulates the detailed requirements. STUK also lays down qualification requirements for personnel involved in the use of nuclear energy and controls compliance with these requirements. In addition, STUK submits proposals for legislative amendments and issues general guidelines concerning radiation and nuclear safety. STUK functions for the oversight of nuclear power plants The aim is to ensure safety and maintain the confidence of the general public. The general objective of STUK’s regulatory activities is to ensure the safety of nuclear Oversight of Management in Regulated Organizations Safety management Management systems and QM Training and qualification of staff Use of operational experiences Event investigation Nuclear liability Inspection and testing organisations Manufacturers of nuclear pressure equipment Oversight of Nuclear Waste Management and Nuclear Materials Safeguards of nuclear materials Nuclear waste management Transport of nuclear material and nuclear waste Licences for the nuclear materials and nuclear waste 13
STUK-B 147 facilities, so that plant operation does not cause radiation hazards that could endanger the safety of workers or the population in the vicinity or cause other harm to the environment or property. The most important objective is to prevent a reactor accident that would cause a release of radioactive substances, or the threat of a release. Another objective is to maintain public confidence in regulatory activities. STUK ensures the adequacy of safety regulations and compliance with their requirements. It is STUK’s task to ensure in its regulatory activities that safety regulations contain adequate requirements for the use of nuclear energy and that nuclear energy is used in compliance with these requirements. 14 Defence in depth The safety of a nuclear power plant is ensured by preventing the harmful effects of reactor damage and radiation through successive and mutuallyredundant functional and structural levels. This approach is called the “defence in depth” principle. Safety-ensuring functions may be divided into preventive, protective and mitigating levels. The aim of the preventive level is to prevent any deviations from the plant’s normal operational state. Accordingly, high quality standards apply to component design, manufacture, installation and maintenance, as well as plant operation. The protective level refers to providing for operational transients and accidents through systems aimed at detecting disturbances and preventing their development into an accident. If the first or second level functions fail to stop the progress of an accident, its consequences must be mitigated. In such a case, the main thing is to ensure the integrity of reactor containment and the operation of its associated systems. In addition to the functional levels, the defence in depth approach includes the principle of multiple successive barriers to potential radioactive releases, and a number of good design and quality management principles. Advisory Commission on Nuclear Safety Pursuant to the Nuclear Energy Act, the preliminary preparation of matters related to the safe use of nuclear energy is vested with the Advisory Commission on Nuclear Safety. It is appointed by the Government and functions in conjunction with STUK. Its term of office is three years. The Advisory Commission was appointed on 1 October 2009, and its term of office ends on 30 September 2012. During 2011, the Chairman of the Commission was key account manager Seppo Vuori (VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland) and the Vice-Chairman was Professor Riitta Kyrki- Rajamäki (Lappeenranta University of Technology). The members are vice president Rauno Rinta maa (VTT), country manager Timo Okkonen (Inspecta Oy), senior researcher Ilona Lindholm (VTT), senior inspector Miliza Malmelin (Ministry of the Environment) and Dr. Sc. (Tech.) Antero Tam minen. Professor Jukka Laaksonen, Director General of STUK, was a permanent expert to the Com mission. The commission has two committees, the Reactor Safety Committee and the Nuclear Waste Safety Committee. Foreign and Finnish experts have been invited to join the committees. English is the working language in the committees, and more extensive questions of principle will be brought to them for preparation. Nuclear industry experts from France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA have been invited to join the committees. The committees convene a couple of times a year. The members of the actual commission also participate in the work of the committees. Regulation by STUK ensures the attainment of safety objectives. STUK ensures, by means of inspections and controls, that the operational preconditions and operations of the licensee and its subcontractors and the systems, structures and components of nuclear facilities are in compliance with regulatory requirements. STUK’s operations are guided by annual follow-up plans, presenting the key items and activities for inspection and review. STUK carries out inspections of plans for nuclear facilities and other documents that the licensee is obliged to request
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