State, community, individual - Societal and Political Psychology ...

ever, when estimating the overall loss of Russian
science and research, we need to take into
account those scholars who leave the country
for a temporary job or to study abroad but who
may not return to Russia.
The migration of Russian scholars abroad
is accompanied by an opposite process - the
immigration of foreign scholars - which is
an important dimension of globalization of
science in other countries as well. At the beginning
of the 2000s the share of foreigners
in the total number of the university researchers
reached 35% in the USA. It was lower in
Europe constituting 10% in Norway, 7.5% in
France and 5% in Portugal 9 .
The academic community in Russia was
established precisely in this way in the 18 th
century under Peter I. In the Soviet period,
naturally, there were very few foreign scholars
visiting the USSR with guest lectures or for
some other academic purpose. The only exception
were scholars coming over from other socialist
countries. However, as science in these
countries was modelled upon the Soviet Union,
this particular type of international contacts
had very limited impact on our science and
scholarship in terms of their globalization. This
is also true concerning latest migration of the
CIS-countries citizens with a scientifi c degree
to Russia, totalling 417 persons in 2009 10 .
In the last few years scholars from other
foreign countries have been increasingly coming
over to Russia, and not only Russian expatriates
but also native researchers from western
countries, bringing to Russia new knowledge
and research experience from abroad and fostering
its scientifi c links with other countries.
Latest initiatives of the Russian Ministry of
Education and Science, directed at attracting to
Russia leading foreign und Russian expatriate
scientists to realize joint research, as well as
the liberalisation of the rules of immigration of
the highly qualifi ed professionals have played
an important role in the activation of this process.
But the scale of this process is still very
limited: in 2009 only 39 persons with a scientifi
c degree came to Russia form countries
others than CIS 11 . Though the balance of the
intellectual migration between Russia and the
CIS-countries is positive for Russia, the ‘braindrain’
from Russia to the West is not counterbalanced
by the immigration of western scholars.
Societal and Political Psychology International Review
volume 2 ● number 2 ● 2011 ● pp. 79-88
The fall of the “Iron Curtain” gave rise to
the phenomenon of foreign sourcing or offshoring
R&D services in Russia, which concerns
not the physical, but the virtual mobility
of scholars, who can be hired for 1/10 of a
salary that is to be paid in western countries.
This process is connected with the activities of
transnational corporations which realize R&D
abroad, creating research labs and engineering
departments worldwide and placing orders
with local institutions and companies and acquiring
foreign intangible. According to the
OECD data, in 2007 R&D funds from abroad
, mainly from foreign fi rms, made 7.8% of
Russian business enterprise R&D expenditure.
(This indicator is even much higher in many
European countries, reaching 15.3% in Hungary,
16.2% in the Slovak Republic, 23.2% in
the United Kingdom and 24% in Austria 12 .
Many Russian research institutes and centres
are working for their foreign partners.
“Ford Motor Company”, “General Electric”,
“United Technologies Corporation”, “Goodrich
Corporation”, “AT&Bell Laboratories”, “Sun
Diamond Technologies”, “Sun Microsystems”,
and others, have signed contracts with research
institutes in Russia. As a result, at the beginning
of the 2000s about 10 000 researchers
who lived in Russia were working for American
institutions, while another 20 000 working
for institutions of the European Union 13 .
The development of this process is manifested
in the rising share of foreign holders
of patents for inventions made in Russia. The
share of patent applications fi led with the European
Patent Offi ce (EPO) by foreign residents
in total applications for inventions made
domestically in Russia increased from 53.9%
in 1991-1993 to 63.3% in 2001-2003 and than
stabilized at that level constituting 60.9% in
2005-2007. Nevertheless it keeps on being
among the highest in the world, coming second
in Europe after Romania (72.2%). But the
mirror indicator - the share of patent applications
fi led with the EPO by Russian residents
for inventions made abroad in total Russian
applications - is rather low and relatively stable
oscillating from 13.9% in 1991-1993 to
14.5% in 2001-2003 and back again to 13.1%
in 2005-2007 14 .
The third aspect of globalization of Russian
science concerns the growing internationalization
of the production of new knowledge.
The process has manifested itself in widen-
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