State, community, individual - Societal and Political Psychology ...

Andrey Yurevich ● Irina Tsapenko
Russian Science in Global Research Networks
eign enterprises outside CIS-countries within
two years before the survey increased from
17.3% in 2005 to 23% in 2008 though the share
of those realising such projects from time to
time decreased negotiating such projects –
from 40% to 31.1% respectively. In 2008
20.4% Russian institutions indicated that the
realization of these projects provided technological
innovations in partnering foreign countries,
but the share of such institutions lowered
in comparison with 2005 when it was 40.4% 29 .
Increased numbers of publications and
patents abroad, a grown share of articles and
patents produced in co-authorship with foreign
partners refl ect a rapid geographic expansion
and intensifi cation of international academic
communication and cooperation. While the
scope of international cooperation usually depends
on the distance separating the participants,
the last two decades have been marked
by increasing geographical diversity and a
growing spatial distance between research institutions
that take part in joint projects. The
data collected by the US National Science
Board provide evidence for expanding geography
of international cooperation. Thus, in
84
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
67,8
Indonesia
56,2 55,6
Slovak Republic
Luxemburg
53,6
Romania
41,1
Czech Republic
38,8
Russia
37,1 36,7
Source: OECD Patent Database, 2011. http://stats.oecd.org.
Figure 2. Share of patent applications with foreign co-inventors for inventions fi led with the EPO,%, 2005-
2007.
Belgium
Hungary
32,4
Lithuania
25,1
United Kingdom
18,6
France
14,0
Germany
7,9
World
1996 those Russian scholars whose joint publications
were listed in the ISI database had coauthors
in 82 countries, while in 2003 they had
co-authors in 94 countries 30 .
An important role in these processes has
been played by the development of information-communication
technologies. The increasing
use of the internet in Russian R&D seems
to be one of the most obvious aspect of its globalization.
It has even led to the emergence of
a new term — “e-science”. Russia’s entry to
the internet was belated but when it took place
it was very fast. Russian internet is quickly
catching up, developing at a much faster pace
than in the countries of Northern Europe where
the share of internet users has exceeded 80 or
even 90 per cent of the whole adult population.
In the last fi ve years the number of monthly
internet users in the Russian Federation has increased
2.5-fold, reaching 50.3 million (or 43
per cent of adult population) in winter 2010-
2011 31 , but as it occurs traditionally the modern
rates of growth of internet audience are much
lower than at initial stages of the ICT uptake.
The data provided by the Rosstat indicate
that in 2009 94 per cent of Russian science