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SAMI YOUSSEF, ERROL VELA, ALEX BAUMEL, THIERRY TATONI Figure 3 – Box plot of the distribution of G. lobelii stations on altitudinal gradient (m) according to surface area occupied (three classes: 1=surface area < 100 m 2 ; 2 = surface area 100 m 2 -1000 m 2 ; 3=surface area > 1000 m 2 ). Different letters show significant altitudes differences between population size categories at the alpha 5% risk after Bonferroni correction. Table 1 – The demographic strategies, biological traits and biogeographical distribution of all stations and each cluster of stations. Demographical strategies sensu Grime (1974) (C: Competitor; R: Ruderal; S: Stress-tolerant); biological traits sensu Raunkiaer (1934) (Ch: Chamaephytes; G: Geophytes; H: Hemicryptophytes; P: Phanerophytes; Th: Therophytes); biogeographical distribution sensu Pignatti (1982) (Steno-Medit: Mediterranean sensu stricto; Euri-Medit: Mediterranean sensu lato; Medit-Mont: Mediterranean mountains; Oroph: European Orophytes). 70 All stations Cluster n o 1 Cluster n o 2 Cluster n o 3 nb of stations 108 52 39 17 Ch 40% 39% 43% 38% G 4% 5% 2% 1% H 29% 31% 28% 24% P 12% 9% 15% 20% Th 15% 16% 12% 17% C 3% 5% 4% 3% CR 1% 0% 0% 3% SC 16% 14% 15% 20% SCR 3% 1% 4% 5% R 1% 1% 1% 3% S 54% 55% 51% 45% SR 25% 24% 25% 21% Endemic 2% 1% 2% 2% Sub-endemic 3% 6% 3% 2% Steno-Medit. 32% 21% 39% 46% Euri-Medit. 17% 19% 15% 16% Medit.-Mont. 21% 23% 16% 17% Oroph 9% 10% 8% 4% Eurasiatic 9% 10% 11% 7% Steppic 3% 4% 1% 1% Subcosmopolite 1% 4% 2% 3% Subtropical 1% 0% 0% 0% Boreal 1% 1% 1% 0% Xenophyte 0% 0% 0% 1% Subatlantic 1% 1% 2% 1% A total of 263 species were observed with G. lobelii over all the 108 stations, their characteristics are summarized in Table 1. We observed an important variability between stations because only 51 species are present in at least 25% of the stations and 68 species occur only in one or two stations. Three Grime strategies, “stress” (S), “stress competitive” (SC) and “stress ruderal” (SR), represent 95% of all plant species and the biological spectrum of Raunkiaer shows that the community associated with G. lobelii is mainly represented by Chamaephytes and Hemicryptophytes (C + H = 69%). In addition, the spectrum of biogeographical distribution shows that the Mediterranean species (Steno + Euri = 49%) are predominant but Mediterranean mountains plants species and south-european orophytes are also consequent (21 + 9 respectively = 30% in total), while sub-cosmopolite taxa are rare (1%). The only one exotic species found in our relevés is Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.) Carrière trees. Five percent of the species encountered in the G. lobelii stations are endemic or subendemic (Table 1). Classification by CAH and ordination by NMDS (2 axis, stress value = 17%) (Figure 4) revealed three groups of station significantly distinct (p < 0.01, mrpp test). The first group is characteristic of the stations situated at 800 meters or higher in altitude, on crest and summits. In this type of habitat, Mediterranean mountains plants and orophytes plant species (33% of all plant species) are very frequent such as: Iberis saxatilis, Santolina chamaecyparissus (L.) subsp. chamaecyparissus, Anthyllis montana, Seseli galloprovinciale Reduron, Teucrium polium subsp. aureum (Schreb), Valeriana tuberose, Crepis albida and Scorzonera austriaca subsp. bupleurifolia (Pouzolz) Bonnier (see Appendix 2.1 for more detail). Moreover, the Chamaephytes and Hemicryptophytes stress-tolerant species dominate forming fruticose or dwarf cushion vegetation characterised by the dominance of G. lobelii. In this plant community, we observed 7% of endemic and sub-endemic species. It should be noted that this cluster (n o 1) is situated at the geographical center of G. lobelii population distribution. In the second group, the stations are situated between 500 to 800 m (a.s.l.). Within this group, the Mediterranean mountains plants and orophytes species are less abundant (24%) and the most frequent species are: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Aphyllanthes monspeliensis L., ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 36 (1) – 2010
ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 36 (1) – 2010 Distribution, habitat and population size variation of Genista lobelii (Fabaceae) from the calcareous mountains of Basse Provence (S-E France) Figure 4 – Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) of floristic diversity associated to G. lobelii. On the spatial distribution carte of G. lobelii, the symbol sizes proportional to the population sizes (three classes: 1=surface area < 100 m 2 ; 2 = surface area was between 100 m 2 to 1000 m 2 ; 3 = surface area > 1000 m 2 ). Koeleria vallesiana (Honck.) Gaudin, Avenula bromoides (Gouan) H. Scholz, Genista hispanica L., Quercus ilex L., Quercus coccifera L. and Odontites luteus subsp. luteus (L.) Clairv. (see Appendix 2.2 for more detail). Two subgroups are geographically separated. The sub-group n o 2a corresponds to the stations of the “Massif de l’Étoile”, situated at 500-700 m (a.s.l) on the western limit of G. lobelii distribution. These stations have mixed community species between steno Mediterranean species (39%), Mediterranean mountains plants and orophytes species (24%). The sub-group n o 2b corresponds to all stations situated at the eastern and north-eastern limit of the geographical distribution. These stations are characterized by higher annual precipitation relatively to Basse Provence area, where G. lobelii populations are beside or under the cover of shrubs or mattoral formation with 15% of Phanerophytes. Finally, the third group gathered all coastline mountain chain stations located at the southern limit of the distribution. These stations are situated above 320 to 500 m (a.s.l.), within an isolated patch of G. lobelii population i.e. Cap Canaille stations, under more xero-thermic climatic conditions and in association with 46% of steno Mediterranean plant species (see appendix 2.3 for the most frequent species). However, Mediterranean mountains plants and orophytes species were present (21%). From a geological standpoint, most G. lobelii stations are localized on jurassic and cretaceaous sedimetary calcareous rocks (69%), or calcareous of secondary dolomitic nature (27%) and rarely on marnes, screes and calcareous red clay (2, 1 and 1% respectively). It should be noted that the presence of G. lobelii on calcareous rocks and dolomitic calcareous rocks can be found on the same mountain chain, as observed within Etoile or Sainte-Victoire mountains. 71
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