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Petria - “Dosi ridotte di rame e prodotti alternativi per la difesa antiperonosporica”stati registrati i valori più elevati su olivo, mentre nelle province di Pesaro Urbinoe Ascoli Piceno in frutticoltura. Significative differenze sono emerse nei consumicuprici in viticoltura fra le annate prese in considerazione, con valori più elevati nel2002 rispetto alle annate successive. Dai dati raccolti nel 2002 si può osservare unanotevole variabilità nell’utilizzo dei formulati rameici, con quantità utilizzate chevariano da uno ad oltre 8 kg/ha annui.Risultano sempre più utili le valutazioni nelle diverse condizioni pedoclimatichedell’efficacia di formulati rameici a basso dosaggio nei confronti delle malattie dellepiante in generale e della peronospora della vite in particolare, nonché di strategiedi applicazione in grado di ottimizzarne l’uso, sia in agricoltura convenzionale, siain biologico. Inoltre, grande importanza hanno i modelli epidemiologici in grado difornire all’agricoltore indicazioni sul momento idoneo per le applicazioni cupriche,che esplicano la massima efficacia nel momento in cui il viticoltore è tecnicamente ingrado di modulare i trattamenti e dispone della professionalità necessaria.Parole chiave: Agricoltura biologica, Prodotti cuprici, Certificazione.Copper rates used in organic vine, fruit and olive farming inthe Marche RegionCopper is not subject to chemical or photolytic degradation, and so its onlyroute of removal is by the action of rain (Donnarumma and La Torre, 2000). In somevineyards, up to 500-800 ppm of copper have been reported (Aresta et al., 2000).Copper can be phytotoxic and shows toxic activities against several microorganismsthat are useful to the soil, including the number of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhizae(Gullino et al., 2003). Therefore, a reduction of the use of copper in agriculture is animportant <strong>issue</strong> worldwide. Currently, under Regulation (EC) 889/2008, the maximumuse of copper allowed on organic farms has been reduced to 30 kg total in five years,equivalent to 6 kg per ha per year. Numerous tests have been carried out in recentyears, especially in various Italian wine-growing areas, to evaluate the effectivenessof low-dose copper formulations in the control of downy mildew (Borgo et al., 2006;Dongiovanni et al., 2006; Egger and D’Arcangelo, 2006; Sancassani et al., 2006).To monitor the quantities of copper actually used in organic agriculture, a surveywas conducted with farms with vineyards, olive groves and fruit orchards in the MarcheRegion who are members of the IMC (Mediterranean Institute for Certification). Thestudy was based on data from 235 forms from technical collaborators in the period2002-2004, which were based on statements given by the farmers, with standardcross-checks carried out. The sample of organic farms surveyed is considered to berepresentative of the reality in Marche, and is was evenly distributed across the fourprovinces (Pesaro Urbino, Ancona, Macerata and Ascoli Piceno).Overall, the most used products were, in order of importance, copperoxychloride, Bordeaux mixture and copper hydroxide. The average quantity of43
Petria 20 (1), 1-72 (2010) – Atti Convegno - Ancona, 26 Febbraio/February 2010copper used on grapevines was higher than that required for olive groves and fruitorchards, while for the grapevines there was substantial agreement as to the quantitiesused across the four provinces; however, the use of copper in olive groves and fruitorchards showed significant differences across the different areas of the region. Indetail, in the province of Macerata, higher values of copper use were recorded forolive groves, while in the provinces of Pesaro Urbino and Ascoli Piceno, this wasseen for fruit production. Significant differences emerged in the use of copper ongrapevines over the years considered, with higher values in 2002 compared to 2003and 2004. Analysing the data collected in 2002, there was considerable variability inthe use of copper-based formulations, with the amounts used varying from 1.0 kg/haper year to more than 8.0 kg/ha per year.There is an increasing awareness of the effects of climatic conditions on theeffectiveness of reduced-dose copper formulations in the control of plant diseasesin general, and of downy mildew of grapevines in particular, and of the need forimplementation strategies that can maximize this copper use, in both conventional andorganic agriculture. Epidemiological models are also of great importance, as these canprovide guidelines for farmers for the appropriate use of copper applications to makethem as effective as possible, particularly when the grower is technically capable tomodulate the treatments and has the necessary skill.Key words: Certification, Copper compounds, Organic agriculture.Lavori citati/ReferencesAresta M., F. Baldacchino, G. Brunetti, F. Chiaia, A.P. Colucci, F. Faretra, C.Franchini, M. Garnier, S. Giacummo, A. Guerrieri, A. Lopez, T. Moleas, P.Natale, F. Palmisano, D. Petruzzelli, M. Pizza, S. Pollastro, L. Sabbatini,A. Santomauro, N. Senesi, G. Sicoli, G. Tiravanti, F. Tommasi, P.G.Zambonin, (R. Gagliano-Candela, V.F. Uricchio, R. Pannacciuli), 2000. Lesostanze tossiche del suolo: proprietà, analisi, tossicologia, sintomatologiaed ambiente. Edizione Giuseppe Laterza, Bari, Italy, pp. 926.Borgo M., D. Bellotto, G.L. Dal Cortivo, 2006. Linee di difesa per il contenimentodelle infezioni di Plasmopara viticola su vite nel Veneto orientale. AttiGiornate Fitopatologiche 2, 227-234.Donnarumma L., A. La Torre, 2000. Sali di rame in agricoltura biologica e possibilialternative. Informatore Fitopatologico 50(4), 27-31.Dongiovanni C., G. Tauro, C. Giampaolo, A. Santomauro, F. Faretra, 2006.Valutazioni su dosi ridotte di rame e nuovi fungicidi nella protezione dellavite dalla peronospora in Puglia. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche 2, 187-192.Egger E., M.E.M. D’Arcangelo, 2006. Valutazione dell’efficacia di antiperonosporicia basso apporto di rame nella difesa della vite in Toscana. Atti GiornateFitopatologiche 2, 179-186.44
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