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Jaarrapport 2011 De Rijn - Riwa

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Verschenen rapporten<br />

7<br />

In dit hoofdstuk worden de rapporten weergegeven die in het verslagjaar zijn gepubliceerd.<br />

Alle rapporten kunnen ook worden gevonden op de website www.riwa-rijn.org onder Publicaties,<br />

waar ze gratis kunnen worden gedownload.<br />

Met het oog op kostenbesparingen worden de rapporten al vanaf 2003 niet meer in brede<br />

oplage verspreid, maar is gekozen voor zogenaamde “attentiekaartjes”, met een korte<br />

samenvatting van de resultaten. <strong>De</strong> rapporten zelf kunnen uiteraard nog steeds bij RIWA-<strong>Rijn</strong><br />

worden opgevraagd, zowel als pdf als in de originele gedrukte vorm.<br />

Omdat alle in dit hoofdstuk vermelde rapporten reeds eerder in <strong>Jaarrapport</strong>en zijn beschreven<br />

in het standaard hoofdstuk “Lopende en nieuwe onderzoeksprojecten” wordt volstaan met<br />

de integrale vermelding van de tekst van de attentiekaartjes in de originele taal.<br />

Hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium in the water chain<br />

In this study, we investigated hospital effl uent as possible source of antibiotic resistant bacteria<br />

in the environment. Studies of human and animal derived Enterococcus faecium strains had<br />

previously shown that E. faecium from hospital outbreaks are characterized by ampicillin<br />

resistance and a high prevalence of the esp (Enterococcal surface protein) gene. Using these<br />

markers, we detected hospital-associated E. faecium (HA-Efm) in effl uent from the University<br />

Medical Center in Utrecht, infl uent and effl uent from the sewage<br />

treatment plant in Utrecht and in surface water from Nieuwegein and<br />

Rhine Water Works<br />

The Netherlands<br />

Lobith (Dutch Rhine). While we found high levels in hospital sewage<br />

Hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium<br />

in the water chain<br />

(~10<br />

Iacovos Anastasiou, Heike Schmitt<br />

Utrecht University/IRAS, The Netherlands<br />

Association of River Waterworks - RIWA • Februari <strong>2011</strong>.<br />

4-106 CFU/100ml), dilution with municipal sewage led to lower<br />

counts (~104-105 CFU/100ml). Still, counts in STP infl uent suggested<br />

that the majority of hospital-associated E. faecium actually originated<br />

in the community. During sewage treatment, hospital-associated<br />

enterococci showed a slightly lower elimination than susceptible<br />

enterococci. Absolute concentrations of hospital-associated E. faecium<br />

were much lower in surface water than in STPU effl uent (~102-103 CFU/100ml). Multiple locus variant analysis (MLVA) characterization of the obtained isolates<br />

showed a high frequency of MLVA type 159 and 12, confi rming that E. faecium typically associated<br />

with hospital outbreaks may spread to the environment. Hospital types were also<br />

found by multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of selected isolates. The detection of hospital-<br />

105

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