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of the madeira and selvagens archipelagos - redmic

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1. Introdução<br />

As plantas vasculares constituem o elemento paisagístico<br />

dominante e estruturante em todos os ecossistemas<br />

terrestres. Foram aliás as densas florestas da Madeira que<br />

mais impressionaram os primeiros relatos, como o de Gaspar<br />

Frutuoso (1590) no século XVI:<br />

“Toda esta ilha é fragosissima e povoada de alto e fresco<br />

arvoredo, que, por ser tal, se perdem alguns caminhantes<br />

nos caminhos, e aconteceu já alguns, perdidos, neles morrerem.<br />

E não, tão somente, há pelo meio e lombo da terra<br />

gr<strong>and</strong>es e alevantadas serranias, mas também grotas e altas<br />

funduras, cobertas de matos e grossos paos e arvoredo de<br />

til” in Saudades da Terra.<br />

O nome da ilha é reflexo da exuberante paisagem florestal<br />

pristina, tal como refere Camões:<br />

Passamos a gr<strong>and</strong>e ilha da Madeira<br />

Que do muito arvoredo assim se chama<br />

Das que povoamos a primeira<br />

Mais célebre por nome que por fama (…)<br />

Os Lusíadas, Canto V<br />

A riqueza florística dos arquipélagos da Madeira e das<br />

Selvagens resulta da sua posição geográfica (relativa aos<br />

restantes arquipélagos atlânticos e aos continentes africano,<br />

europeu e americano), origem geológica (5,6 a 27 milhões<br />

de anos) e história climática. Estes factores condicionaram<br />

quer a colonização, quer aspectos tão importantes<br />

como a posterior radiação adaptativa e não -adaptativa das<br />

plantas vasculares em diferentes tipos de habitats resultantes<br />

de uma orografia complexa.<br />

A origem da flora dos arquipélagos da Madeira e das<br />

Selvagens tem sido alvo de amplo debate desde o século<br />

XIX, com a visita de numerosos naturalistas e com a ilha da<br />

Madeira a ser utilizada como “caso de estudo”. Muitos, senão<br />

a maioria dos autores, consideraram a flora da Madeira<br />

como reliquial (paleo -endémica), origem comprovada pelos<br />

fósseis do Terciário Médio e Final (no continente europeu),<br />

que correspondem aos géneros das principais árvores das<br />

laurissilvas da Madeira, como por exemplo Apollonias, Laurus,<br />

Ocotea e Persea. A vegetação extremamente original,<br />

endémica destas ilhas, representa os vestígios da vegetação<br />

subtropical do Terciário que terá predominado na bacia<br />

ocidental do oceano arcaico Tethys, que ligava o Atlântico<br />

e o Índico, e onde actualmente se situa o mar Mediterrâneo.<br />

As pr<strong>of</strong>undas crises ambientais (geológicas e climáticas),<br />

do final do Terciário e posteriormente do Pleistocénico (os<br />

sucessivos períodos glaciares), afectaram intensamente a<br />

vegetação continental. A flora da Madeira resulta da contemporaneidade<br />

com os processos descritos, do isolamento<br />

insular e consequente amenidade climática, factores que<br />

permitiram a sobrevivência destes elementos mais antigos<br />

(Capelo et al. 2004, 2007).<br />

Capelo et al. (2004) resumem os desenvolvimentos mais<br />

recentes sobre a história evolutiva da flora da Madeira. Num<br />

período inicial a maioria dos autores considerou como mais<br />

158<br />

1. Introduction<br />

Vascular plants are <strong>the</strong> dominant element in <strong>the</strong> composition<br />

<strong>and</strong> structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scape in most terrestrial<br />

ecosystems. The dense <strong>and</strong> luxurious forests <strong>of</strong> Madeira<br />

Isl<strong>and</strong> deeply impressed <strong>the</strong> first visitors, as attested by <strong>the</strong><br />

early writings about Madeira, like <strong>the</strong> one from Gaspar Frutuoso<br />

(1590) in <strong>the</strong> XVI century:<br />

“This isl<strong>and</strong> is mountainous <strong>and</strong> harbours tall <strong>and</strong> fresh<br />

forests, where, due to its extension, many people have lost<br />

<strong>the</strong>mselves in its pathways <strong>and</strong> several, being lost, have perished<br />

<strong>the</strong>re. And, not only thus this l<strong>and</strong> have high mountains<br />

but also deep valleys covered by vegetation with thick<br />

trees <strong>and</strong> til forests” in Saudades da Terra.<br />

The name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> reflects its pristine forest l<strong>and</strong>scape,<br />

as noted by Camões in his prominent work:<br />

We passed <strong>the</strong> fine isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Madeira<br />

Named for its great forests, <strong>and</strong> known<br />

More for its name than its ancient past<br />

For we were <strong>the</strong> first to people it, (…)<br />

The Lusiads, trad. L<strong>and</strong>eg White, Oxford,<br />

Oxford University Press, 2002, p.99.<br />

The floristic richness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>archipelagos</strong> <strong>of</strong> Madeira <strong>and</strong><br />

Selvagens results from <strong>the</strong>ir geographic location (relative<br />

to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Atlantic <strong>archipelagos</strong> <strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong> African, European<br />

<strong>and</strong> American continents), geological origin (5.6 to<br />

27 million years ago) <strong>and</strong> climatic history. These factors<br />

constrained <strong>the</strong> colonisation <strong>of</strong> vascular plants <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

important processes, such as adaptive <strong>and</strong> non -adaptive<br />

radiation over different habitats resulting from <strong>the</strong> complex<br />

isl<strong>and</strong> orography.<br />

The origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Madeira <strong>and</strong> Selvagens <strong>archipelagos</strong><br />

has been amply debated since <strong>the</strong> XIX century;<br />

numerous naturalists have visited <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> used it as<br />

a “case study”. Many, if not <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> authors, considered<br />

<strong>the</strong> Flora <strong>of</strong> Madeira relictual (palaeo -endemic), its<br />

origin supported by fossils from <strong>the</strong> Mid <strong>and</strong> Late Tertiary (on<br />

<strong>the</strong> European continent). This agrees with <strong>the</strong> extant genera<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> main tree species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Laurisilva <strong>of</strong> Madeira, such<br />

as Apollonias, Laurus, Ocotea <strong>and</strong> Persea. The primitive vegetation,<br />

endemic to <strong>the</strong>se isl<strong>and</strong>s, represents a relict <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

subtropical vegetation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tertiary, which prevailed in <strong>the</strong><br />

western part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tethys Sea Basin (a large mass <strong>of</strong> water<br />

that connected <strong>the</strong> Atlantic <strong>and</strong> Indian oceans <strong>and</strong> where<br />

<strong>the</strong> Mediterranean Sea is now located). The dramatic environmental<br />

crisis (geological <strong>and</strong> climatic), which took place<br />

in <strong>the</strong> late Tertiary <strong>and</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Pleistocene (<strong>the</strong> successive<br />

glacial periods), deeply affected <strong>the</strong> continental vegetation.<br />

The Flora <strong>of</strong> Madeira result from <strong>the</strong> contemporaneity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

mentioned processes, from insular isolation <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> resulting<br />

climatic amenity, factors that allowed for <strong>the</strong> survival <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong>se older elements (Capelo et al. 2004, 2007).<br />

Capelo et al. (2004) have syn<strong>the</strong>sised <strong>the</strong> most recent<br />

developments in <strong>the</strong> evolutionary history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Flora <strong>of</strong> Madeira.<br />

Initially, <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> authors considered that a

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