Implementing food-based dietary guidelines for - United Nations ...

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S66 TABLE 2. Extrapolation equations used in the DRI reports of Canada and the United States [5, 6, 28–31 a ] 1. Extrapolation up from the AI for younger infants (0–6 mo) to older infants (7–12 mo): AI 7–12 mo = AI 0–6 mo × (F) allow for desirable physical activity, as described in the WHO report [9]. Reference body weights were adopted from the NCHS data from 1977. The report did not contain any further examples of extrapolations or interpolations. In the D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intakes [8], the method of extrapolation or interpolation could not be discerned from the statement, “In those frequent cases in which recommendations could not be made for every age group, values for intermediate age groups had to be interpolated.” In the population reference intake (PRI) report for the European Community provided by the Scientific F = (weight 7–12 mo /weight 0–5 mo ) 0.75 2. Extrapolation from AI or the EAR for adults to an AI or EAR for children for all nutrients except potassium and sodium: (AI) EAR child = (AI) EA adult × (F) F = (weight child /weight adult ) 0.75 (1 + growth factor*) *Growth factors (proportional increase in protein requirements for growth from FAO/WHO/UNU [9]) Age group Growth factor 7 mo–3 yr 0.30 4–8 yr 0.15 9–13 yr 0.15 14–18 yr (males) 0.15 (0 for females) 3. For water, potassium, and sodium [31], extrapolation from AI for adults to an AI for children: AI child = AI adult × (F) S. A. Atkinson and B. Koletzko Where F = (energy intake child /energy intake adult ) Energy intakes rather than body weights were used in the extrapolation equations because high levels of physical activity are associated with increased losses of electrolytes in sweat. The energy intake values were based on the average of median energy intakes for both sexes for each age group based on data from NHANES III. 4. Extrapolation of EAR/AI up from younger adults for older adults vice versa was accomplished using reference body weights, except in the case of sodium: EAR/AI younger adults = EAR/AI older adults × (F) F = weight younger adults /weight older adults For sodium [31], the extrapolation equation employed was adjusted for combined median energy intakes for men and women: AI older adults = AI younger adults × energy intake older adults /energy intake younger adults 5. In situations in which data were not available to set the UL for children (which occurred frequently), the UL for adults was extrapolated down using reference body weights for all nutrients except sodium, and in this case median energy intake was used in the adjustment equations: UL child = UL adult × weight child /weight adult For sodium the extrapolation equation was: UL child = UL adult × energy intake child /energy intake adult DRI, dietary reference intake; AI, average intake; EAR, estimated average requirement; UL, upper tolerable limit of nutrient intake. a. Median reference weights for children, adolescents, and adults were derived from reference weights for children and adults in the United States (NHANES III, 1988-94) in DRI reports [5, 28–30] published prior to 2002. After that the time, in reports published for macronutrients [6] and water and electrolytes [31], updated data that provided median reference heights and weights for the US population were used [7]. Committee for Food [10], PRIs for children aged 1 year or more have generally been derived, in the absence of reliable data, by extrapolation from the PRI of young adults on the basis of energy expenditure (e.g., thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B 12 , and iodine), unless specific other statements were made. In the case of some nutrients, recommended intake values for children were derived on the basis of further considerations. The specific considerations for each nutrient are summarized in table 5. For infants aged 6 to 11 months, the values were usually derived by interpolation between those for infants under 6 months, which are often derived from intakes of
Life-stage groups and nutrient intake values TABLE 3. Summary of vitamins and minerals for which AI/EAR was derived from extrapolations in the Canada/USA DRI reports [28–31] Age group Vitamins Macro minerals Micro minerals 7–12 mo Vitamin A a Vitamin K a Thiamin b Riboflavin a,b Niacin b Vitamin B 6 a,b Folate a,b Pantothenate a,b Biotin a Choline a 1–3 yr Vitamin A b Thiamin b Riboflavin b Niacin b Vitamin B 6 b Folate b Pantothenate b Biotin a Choline b Vitamin C c Vitamin E c Calcium e Magnesium c Potassium f Sodium f 4–8 yr As for 1–3 yr Magnesium c Potassium f Sodium f 9–13 yr As for 4–8 yr Potassium f Sodium f 14–18 yr As for 4–8 yr Potassium f Sodium f 19–30 yr 31–50 yr Vitamin C d Vitamin E d 51–70 yr Vitamin C d Vitamin E d > 70 yr Vitamin C d Vitamin E d Phosphorus d Sodium g Calcium h Phosphorus d Sodium g Iodine a Manganese b Molybdenum a Chromium b Copper c Molybdenum c Selenium c Chromium b Copper c Molybdenum c Selenium c Chromium b Copper c Molybdenum c Selenium c Chromium b Copper c Iodine c Molybdenum c Selenium d Selenium d Iodine d Copper d Molybdenum d Zinc d Selenium d Iodine d Iron d Copper d Molybdenum d Zinc d Selenium d a. Average intake (AI) extrapolated up from AI for infants 0–6 months. b. AI extrapolated down from adults to children adjusted for body weight. c. Estimated average requirement (EAR) extrapolated down from adults or older children to young children adjusted for body weight. d. EAR extrapolated up from younger adults to older adults. e. AI extrapolated down from older children to younger children adjusted for body weight. f. AI extrapolated down from adult values adjusted for median energy intakes. g. AI extrapolated up from younger adults based on median energy intakes. h. AI extrapolated up from younger adults. S67
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Contents International harmonizatio
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Executive summary Harmonization of
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Executive summary [11]. These are l
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Executive summary and converted to
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Executive summary very rapidly and
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Executive summary References Concep
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Introduction Janet C. King and Cutb
Page 15 and 16: Introduction References 1. King JC,
Page 17 and 18: Terminology and framework for nutri
Page 27 and 28: Nutrient risk assessment: Setting u
Page 29 and 30: Setting upper levels for nutrient r
Page 39 and 40: Establishing nutrient intake values
Page 51 and 52: Methods for using nutrient intake v
Page 53 and 54: Using nutrient intake values to ass
Page 61 and 62: Determining life-stage groups and e
Page 63 and 64: Life-stage groups and nutrient inta
Page 65: Life-stage groups and nutrient inta
Page 77 and 78: The role of diet- and host-related
Page 79 and 80: Diet- and host-related factors in n
Page 101 and 102: Human nutrition and genetic variati
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Application of nutrient intake valu
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Trade, development, and regulatory
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Beyond recommendations: Implementin
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Dietary guidelines and nutrient int
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International Dietary Harmonization
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