Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Horse

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12 The Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands in thc Horsc b) Present Investigation Metbods. The upper parathyroids were dissected immediately after euthanasia (15 horses) or as soon as possible and never later than 5 hours after death (21 horses). After being weighed, they were split and fixed in Bouin’s solution. One-half of each gland was embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 4 to 6 p, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The other half was used for frozen sections at 8 p and stained with scarlet red. Serial sectioning was not employed. The parenchyma to interstitium ratio and cytoplasm to nucleus ratio were determined according to CHALKLEY (1 943). Briefly, CHALKLEY’S procedure is as follows : A number of hairs (four, perhaps) are attached to the eyepiece diaphragm, the end of each hair representing a “point” in the microscopic field. If the cytoplasm to nucleus ratio is to be determined, the “hits” of the “points” in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, respectively, are recorded in randomly chosen areas. To avoid a “purely psychologic but very real difficulty,-a very short extra hair is glued on the eyepiece diaphragm; then the focus is so made that the tip of this hair is brought into coincidence of the focus of a selected object, usually a nucleus. The position of this point is not recorded, but the other points alone are used” (CHALKLEY). Twentyfive hits in the smaller component of the tissue (the nucleus when the cytoplasm to nucleus ratio is calculated) are recorded. At the same Chart 2. Parenchyma to interstitiurn ratio in upper parathyroids of 36 normal horscs. Ratio on Y-axis, agc in years on X-axis, o = male horses, 1 = female horscs. Solid line ~ regression line of ratio as a function of age. Downloaded from vet.sagepub.com by guest on April 14, 2010
’The I\licroscopic Anatomy of the Equine Parathyroid Glands 13 time, let us say, 71 hits in the cytoplasm were recorded. The ratio of cytoplasm to nucleus hits is, then, 71 : 25 -= 2.84. According to JiiNssoN (1960), who employed this method in his studies on the parathyroid function in bovine parturient paresis, six such ratios, corresponding to 150 hits in the smaller tissue component, are suffi- cient for statistical analyses. The nuclear surface was estimated from camera-lucida drawings at a magnification of about 1,700 times. Fifty nuclei were so drawn from both the left and right upper parathyroid of every horse. The nuclear surface was then measured with a planimeter. When conventional measures are used in the text or tables, they have been extra- polated from planimeter units. The lower parathyroids were examined only with conventional histologic methods. Functional analysis was not undertaken. Kt?J//ltJ Upper I’aratJydr Iizterstitial tiswe. Upper parathyroids were surrounded by a wellcollagenized, rather thin fibrous capsule. Thin septa from this capsule irregularly crisscrossed the parenchyma, which was thus subdivided into fine lobules (Fig. 5). The connective tissue occasionally formed large dense areas without epithelial admixture. The amount of interstitial tissue varied considerably in different areas in the section (Figs. 6 and 7). The variation among horses (Chart 2; for analysis, see Appendix, Table 11) was highly significant. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in the amount of connective tissue due to age (Appendix, Table 11). The upper and lower percentage figures for interstitial tissue in 72 equine parathyroids were 50 and 13, respectively. The glands were richly vascularized, with the capillaries in close contact with lobules (Fig. 5) or epithelial rows. The degree of interstitial fat is summarized in Table I. Large fat droplets were present in a thin layer just beneath the capsule in about 40 per cent of the glands. The fat content did not change with age. In more than 40 per cent of the parathyroids the intraglandular connective tissue showed large fat droplets, and in rare cases this accumulation of fat cells could be impressive (Fig. 7). Epithelial tiss//e. Four more or less well-defined cell types were observed in the equine parathyroid glands, viz., light chief cells, dark chief cells, water-clear cells, and pale oxyphil cells. Downloaded from vet.sagepub.com by guest on April 14, 2010
Page 1 and 2: Pathologia Veterinaria Online http:
Page 3 and 4: Supplementum ad Vol. 1 (1964) Patho
Page 5 and 6: V . Experimental Nritritional Secon
Page 7 and 8: Introduction and Object of Investig
Page 9 and 10: I. The Anatomy of the Parathyroid G
Page 11 and 12: Comparative Aspects of the Embryolo
Page 13 and 14: The Aracroscopic Anatomy of the Equ
Page 15 and 16: The Microscopic Anatomy of the Equi
Page 17: 'I'hc hlicroscopic Anatomy of the E
Page 21 and 22: 10 . 9 . a . 7 0 + 6 . 5 . 0 ’I
Page 23 and 24: ‘The hl icroscopic Anatomy of the
Page 25 and 26: ’I’hc hlicroscopic Anatomy of t
Page 27 and 28: ‘I’lic ihlrcroscopic Anatomy of
Page 29 and 30: ‘I’hc Alicroscopic Anatomy of t
Page 31 and 32: Discussion 25 7bbic 1 .. Avcragc si
Page 33 and 34: Discussion 27 Table VZZ. Nuclear si
Page 35 and 36: 11. Nutritional Secondary Hyperpara
Page 37 and 38: The Nature of the Osteopathy 31 Fig
Page 39 and 40: ’The Nature of the Osteopathy 33
Page 41 and 42: Etiology 35 Experiments and clinica
Page 43 and 44: Clinical Pathology 37 Table X. Seru
Page 45 and 46: 111. Experimental Nutritional Secon
Page 47 and 48: Ration 41 Table XI/. Calcium and ph
Page 49 and 50: Necrops y 43 6. Necropsy The animal
Page 51 and 52: Clinical Observations 45 During wee
Page 53 and 54: Clinico-pathologic Determinations 4
Page 55 and 56: 90. *. 90. 90. 70. / . Clinico-path
Page 57 and 58: (:linico-pathologic Determinations
Page 59 and 60: Rocntgencilogic Observations 53 Fie
Page 61 and 62: lioentgcnologic Ohscrvntions 55 I,'
Page 63 and 64: Pathologic Anatomy 57 7bb/e XIS. Si
Page 65 and 66: Pathologic Anatomy 59 fhb/c. A’X.
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Downloaded from vet.sagepub.com by
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Pathologic Anatoiny Downloaded from
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Pathologic Anatomy 67 Downloaded fr
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Pathologic Anatomy 69 Fiq. 37. Cont
Page 77 and 78:
V. Experimental Nutritional Seconda
Page 79 and 80:
Scruin Phosphorus, Calciiiiii, and
Page 81 and 82:
Serum Phosphorus, Calcium, and Alka
Page 83 and 84:
Serum Phosphorus, Calcium, and Alka
Page 85 and 86:
The Parathyroid Glands 79 should be
Page 87 and 88:
The Skeleton 81 5. The Skeleton The
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The Skeleton 83 ary hyperparathyroi
Page 91 and 92:
Summary and Conclusions The thesis
Page 93 and 94:
Siimmary and Conclusions 87 Rocntgc
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References 89 COILIP, J. B.: 'I'hc
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Refereiices 91 ~~CILAN, F. C. and U
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix Tables and Statistical Ana
Page 101 and 102:
Tables and Statistical Analyses 95
Page 103 and 104:
’Tablcs and Statistical Analyscs
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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Horse

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