Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Horse

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2 Introduction and Object of Investigation 2. To study the continuous changes in the phosphorus, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase levels in blood serum of horses suffering from experimental nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by imbalanced calcium-phosphorus feeding ; 3. To study the continuous roentgenologic changes in the skeleton in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism of the horse ; and 4. To study the morphology of experimental nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in the horse with special reference to the func- tional state of the parathyroid glands. Downloaded from vet.sagepub.com by guest on April 14, 2010
I. The Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands in the Horse 1. Comparative Aspects of the Embryology of the Equine Parathyroids The anatomy of the parathyroids in the horse is different in many respects from that in other species. Interpretation of these differences requires appreciation of the embryologic development ; consequently this subject is briefly reviewed. The embryology of the pharyngeal region in man has been extensively studied [PISCHINGER (1937) and BARGMANN (1939) among others]. In man the parathyroid primorda appear in pharyngeal pouches I11 and IV, and, accordingly, the glands are called parathyroid I11 and parathyroid IV, respectively. In the third pouch the parathyroid primordium develops in close contact with the thymus and follows its descent for some distance. Separation does not occur until it has obtained a location distal to the parathyroid primordium of the fourth pouch. This topography remains postnatally, and the following terms are therefore used synonymously in man: parathyroid I11 or lower or external; parathyroid IV or upper or internal. In most other mammals the parathyroids are, similarly, derivatives of pharyngeal pouches I11 andIV GOD WIN(^^^^); PISCHINGER(~~~~); BARGMANN (1939)l. In some species, e.g., swine and rats, parathyroid primordia occur in the third pouch only. In mammals with parathyroid primordia in both pouches the embryologic development is different from that in man. It is true that the anlage of the third pouch descends with thymus I11 for a while, but thymus-parathyroid separation occurs before complex I11 has reached or surpassed the level of complex IV [GODWIN (1937) in the dog]. The original relationship between parathyroids 111 and IV is therefore not reversed, and, as in all species, the niediolateral relationship is not changed. In the dog parathyroid I11 is therefore located at the dorsolateral aspect of the anterior end of the Downloaded from vet.sagepub.com by guest on April 14, 2010
Page 1 and 2: Pathologia Veterinaria Online http:
Page 3 and 4: Supplementum ad Vol. 1 (1964) Patho
Page 5 and 6: V . Experimental Nritritional Secon
Page 7: Introduction and Object of Investig
Page 11 and 12: Comparative Aspects of the Embryolo
Page 13 and 14: The Aracroscopic Anatomy of the Equ
Page 15 and 16: The Microscopic Anatomy of the Equi
Page 17 and 18: 'I'hc hlicroscopic Anatomy of the E
Page 19 and 20: ’The I\licroscopic Anatomy of the
Page 21 and 22: 10 . 9 . a . 7 0 + 6 . 5 . 0 ’I
Page 23 and 24: ‘The hl icroscopic Anatomy of the
Page 25 and 26: ’I’hc hlicroscopic Anatomy of t
Page 27 and 28: ‘I’lic ihlrcroscopic Anatomy of
Page 29 and 30: ‘I’hc Alicroscopic Anatomy of t
Page 31 and 32: Discussion 25 7bbic 1 .. Avcragc si
Page 33 and 34: Discussion 27 Table VZZ. Nuclear si
Page 35 and 36: 11. Nutritional Secondary Hyperpara
Page 37 and 38: The Nature of the Osteopathy 31 Fig
Page 39 and 40: ’The Nature of the Osteopathy 33
Page 41 and 42: Etiology 35 Experiments and clinica
Page 43 and 44: Clinical Pathology 37 Table X. Seru
Page 45 and 46: 111. Experimental Nutritional Secon
Page 47 and 48: Ration 41 Table XI/. Calcium and ph
Page 49 and 50: Necrops y 43 6. Necropsy The animal
Page 51 and 52: Clinical Observations 45 During wee
Page 53 and 54: Clinico-pathologic Determinations 4
Page 55 and 56: 90. *. 90. 90. 70. / . Clinico-path
Page 57 and 58: (:linico-pathologic Determinations
Page 59 and 60:
Rocntgencilogic Observations 53 Fie
Page 61 and 62:
lioentgcnologic Ohscrvntions 55 I,'
Page 63 and 64:
Pathologic Anatomy 57 7bb/e XIS. Si
Page 65 and 66:
Pathologic Anatomy 59 fhb/c. A’X.
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Pathologic Anatoiny Downloaded from
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Pathologic Anatomy 67 Downloaded fr
Page 75 and 76:
Pathologic Anatomy 69 Fiq. 37. Cont
Page 77 and 78:
V. Experimental Nutritional Seconda
Page 79 and 80:
Scruin Phosphorus, Calciiiiii, and
Page 81 and 82:
Serum Phosphorus, Calcium, and Alka
Page 83 and 84:
Serum Phosphorus, Calcium, and Alka
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The Parathyroid Glands 79 should be
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The Skeleton 81 5. The Skeleton The
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The Skeleton 83 ary hyperparathyroi
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Summary and Conclusions The thesis
Page 93 and 94:
Siimmary and Conclusions 87 Rocntgc
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References 89 COILIP, J. B.: 'I'hc
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Refereiices 91 ~~CILAN, F. C. and U
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Appendix Tables and Statistical Ana
Page 101 and 102:
Tables and Statistical Analyses 95
Page 103 and 104:
’Tablcs and Statistical Analyscs
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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Horse

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