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BIMM118 Cardiac Glycosides: • Two main categories: Congestive Heart Failure – Cardenolides (Digitalis, Convallaria, Oleandra) – Bufadienolides (Helleborus, Poison Arrow Frog)
BIMM118 Cardiac Glycosides: Congestive Heart Failure • Cardiac glycosides slow the heart rate and increase the force of contraction • Extracts of D. purpurea have been used clinically for over 200 years to treat heart failure and edema (“dropsy”) • The cardiac glycosides inhibit the Na + /K + -ATPase pump, which causes an increase in intracellular Na + => slowing of the Na + /Ca ++ -exchanger => increase in intracellular Ca ++ . • Low therapeutic index => Associated with an appreciable risk of toxicity • Digoxin is the most widely used preparation of digitalis (half-life = 1-2 days), although digitoxin (half-life = 7 days) is used in situations where long half-life may be an advantage. • Digitalis is the drug of choice for heart failure associated with atrial fibrillation
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BIMM118 “One of the features whic
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BIMM118 Definitions • Prophylacti
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BIMM118 History of Pharmacology •
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BIMM118 New Drug Discovery • Synt
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BIMM118 New Drug Discovery • Extr
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BIMM118 Orphan Drugs • Drugs for
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BIMM118 Drug Approval Historically,
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BIMM118 • Safety Drug Approval -
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BIMM118 Drug Efficacy • Efficacy
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BIMM118 Drug Efficacy - Dietary Sup
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BIMM118 Preclinical Studies • Pha
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BIMM118 • Toxicological effects P
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BIMM118 • Acute Toxicity Toxicity
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BIMM118 • Animal Studies: Toxicit
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BIMM118 Phase I Studies • Studies
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BIMM118 Phase II Studies • Pharma
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BIMM118 Phase III Studies • Rando
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BIMM118 Phase IV studies: • Postm
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BIMM118 The Four Cornerstones of Ph
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BIMM118 Oral Drug Administration
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BIMM118 Percutaneous Drug Administr
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BIMM118 Percutaneous Drug Administr
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BIMM118 Other Topical Drug Administ
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BIMM118 • Advantages: - 100% “A
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BIMM118 Drug Distribution • To be
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BIMM118 • Membrane Permeation: -
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BIMM118 Drug Distribution Bioavaila
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BIMM118 Drug Distribution Volume of
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BIMM118 Clearance (CL) [ml/min]: Dr
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BIMM118 Drug Distribution Dosage Re
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BIMM118 Drug Distribution • Drug
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BIMM118 BLOOD LEVEL TOXIC LEVELS Ma
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BIMM118 • Therapeutic Index: Ther
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BIMM118 Drug Metabolism • Most me
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BIMM118 Drug Metabolism
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BIMM118 Drug Metabolism - Oxidation
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BIMM118 • Drug oxidation requires
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BIMM118 Epoxidation: Dealkylation:
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BIMM118 Azo-reduction: Nitro-reduct
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BIMM118 Drug Metabolism - Phase I
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BIMM118 Drug Metabolism - Glucuroni
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BIMM118 Acetylation: Drug Metabolis
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BIMM118 Drug Metabolism - Phase I &
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BIMM118 Antagonists: Drug Action: R
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BIMM118 Drug Targets
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BIMM118 Drug Targets: Receptors Res
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BIMM118 Receptors • Rapidly actin
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BIMM118 Calcium as Second Messenger
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BIMM118 Three types: Type L N T Cal
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BIMM118 Removal of Ca ++ : • Ca +
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BIMM118 G-Protein-coupled Receptors
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BIMM118 Cyclic Nucleotides - PKA al
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BIMM118 Phosphodiesterases: Cyclic
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BIMM118 Regulation of Receptors •
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BIMM118 Receptor Down-Regulation
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BIMM118 • Examples: Nuclear Recep
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BIMM118 Phospholipids, Phosphoinosi
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BIMM118 • Prostaglandins: Arachid
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BIMM118 • Leukotrienes: Arachidon
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BIMM118 Growth Factor Receptors •
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BIMM118 Signaling through Adapter p
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BIMM118 • “Classical” hormone
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BIMM118 Cytokine Receptors • Curr
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BIMM118 Ser/Thr-kinase Receptors Tr
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BIMM118 NFκB - originally identifi
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BIMM118 Autonomic Nervous System
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BIMM118 Transmitters: • Acetylcho
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BIMM118 Cholinergic receptors: •
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BIMM118 Cholinergic System - Agonis
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BIMM118 Cholinergic System - Antago
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Page 179 and 180: BIMM118 Cholinergic System - Antago
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Page 185 and 186: BIMM118 Adrenergic receptors: • a
Page 187 and 188: BIMM118 Sympathomimetics Adrenergic
Page 189 and 190: BIMM118 Sympathomimetics Non-select
Page 191 and 192: BIMM118 Sympathomimetics α 1 - sel
Page 193 and 194: BIMM118 β 1 - receptors • Mostly
Page 195 and 196: BIMM118 Sympathomimetics β 2 - sel
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Page 203 and 204: BIMM118 Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Page 209 and 210: BIMM118 Potential drug targets: Ant
Page 211 and 212: BIMM118 Antihypertensive Drugs:Vaso
Page 213 and 214: BIMM118 Antihypertensive Drugs: Vas
Page 215 and 216: BIMM118 Antihypertensive Drugs: RAA
Page 217 and 218: BIMM118 Antihypertensive Drugs: RAA
Page 219 and 220: BIMM118 • Nitroglycerin - Organic
Page 221 and 222: BIMM118 Arrhythmias: Cardiac Arrhyt
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Page 229: BIMM118 Cardiac Glycosides: Congest
Page 233 and 234: BIMM118 Renal Pharmacology Diuretic
Page 235 and 236: BIMM118 Functions Renal Pharmacolog
Page 237 and 238: BIMM118 Diuretics: • Increase out
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Page 243 and 244: BIMM118 Diuretics: Osmotic diuretic
Page 245 and 246: BIMM118 Renal Pharmacology Uric aci
Page 247 and 248: BIMM118 Gastrointestinal Pharmacolo
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Page 271 and 272: BIMM118 Diabetis mellitus: Diabetes
Page 273 and 274: BIMM118 Insulin: Diabetes mellitus
Page 275 and 276: BIMM118 Insulin: • Insulin Glargi
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BIMM118 Novel concepts (cont’d):
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BIMM118 Artherosclerosis: Hyperlipi
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BIMM118 Artherosclerosis: Hyperlipi
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BIMM118 Cholesterol: - 60-70% (=100
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BIMM118 Lipid-lowering drugs: Hyper
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BIMM118 Lipid-lowering drugs: Hyper
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BIMM118 Hyperlipidemia
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BIMM118 Adrenal gland: • Medulla:
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BIMM118 Adrenocortical Hormones Ste
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BIMM118 Glucocorticoids (GC): Adren
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BIMM118 Glucocorticoids (GC): • H
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BIMM118 Glucocorticoids (GC): • T
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BIMM118 Steroid-based Drugs • Sex
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BIMM118 Sex Steroids • Female rep
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BIMM118 Sex Steroids • Female rep
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BIMM118 Sex Steroids Estrogens - Es
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BIMM118 Anti-Estrogens • Tamoxife
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BIMM118 Progesterons Sex Steroids T
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BIMM118 Sex Steroids • Male repro
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BIMM118 Androgens Sex Steroids •
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BIMM118 Anabolic Androgens • Dehy
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BIMM118 GnRH analogs/modifiers Sex
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BIMM118 Oral Contraceptives Sex Ste
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BIMM118 Contraceptives Sex Steroids
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BIMM118 Drugs against Allergies •
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BIMM118 Allergy - Symptoms
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BIMM118 Allergy - Food • Allergic
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BIMM118 Latex has cross-reactive ep
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BIMM118 Allergy - Drugs Predominant
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BIMM118 Allergy - Mediators
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BIMM118 Allergy - Histamine Histami
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BIMM118 Allergy - Drugs Targeting H
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BIMM118 H1-Antagonists (“Antihist
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BIMM118 H1-Antagonists (“Antihist
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BIMM118 Mast Cell Stabilizers • C
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BIMM118 Allergy - Leukotrienes Cys-
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BIMM118 Drugs Targeting the CNS •
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BIMM118 Drugs Targeting the CNS Glu
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BIMM118 Dopamine • Inhibitory ami
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BIMM118 Drugs Targeting the CNS Sit
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BIMM118 Hypnotics / Anxiolytics Bar
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BIMM118 Hypnotics / Anxiolytics Ben
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BIMM118 Antidepressants Clinical De
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BIMM118 Tricyclic antidepressants:
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BIMM118 Schizophrenia Endogenous ps
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BIMM118 Classical neuroleptics: Adv
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BIMM118 Pathology: Parkinson’s Di
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BIMM118 Dopamine replacement: Parki
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BIMM118 Pathology: Epilepsy - Group
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BIMM118 Treatment strategies: Inhib
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BIMM118 Ethanol Most widely consume
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BIMM118 Treatment strategies: • D
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BIMM118 General Anesthetics State o
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BIMM118 General Anesthetics Inhalat
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BIMM118 General Anesthetics Intrave
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BIMM118 Opioid Analgesics Opiates:
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BIMM118 Opiates: Mechanism of analg
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BIMM118 Codeine (3-methoxy-morphine
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BIMM118 Meperidine (Pethidine): - A
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BIMM118 Mode of action: Local Anest
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BIMM118 Classification: Local Anest
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BIMM118 Clinical use and Administra
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BIMM118 NSAIDs Non-Steroidal Anti-I
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BIMM118 NSAIDs Non-Steroidal Anti-I
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BIMM118 Chemotherapeutic Agents •
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BIMM118 Antibiotics • Resistance:
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BIMM118 Classification: • Cell wa
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BIMM118 Antibiotics - Cell wall syn
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BIMM118 Antibiotics - Protein synth
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BIMM118 Sulfonamides Antibiotics -
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BIMM118 Quinolones Antibiotics - Qu
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BIMM118 Antibiotics - Summary
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BIMM118 Fungal Growth Patterns •
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BIMM118 Fungal Habitats • Most cl
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BIMM118 Superficial Mycoses • Tin
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BIMM118 • Tinea corporis Cutaneou
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BIMM118 • Sporotrichosis Subcutan
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BIMM118 Systemic Mycosis • Histop
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BIMM118 Opportunistic Mycosis - Som
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BIMM118 Opportunistic Mycosis • C
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BIMM118 Differences between fungi a
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BIMM118 Antifungal Drugs - Polyenes
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BIMM118 Imidazoles • Clotrimazole
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BIMM118 Antifungal Drugs - Azoles T
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BIMM118 Antifungal Drugs - Antimeta
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BIMM118 Antifungal Drugs - Allylami
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