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The signature for realpath( ) is: char *realpath(const char *pathname, char resolved_path[MAXPATHLEN]); This function has the following arguments: pathname Path to be resolved. resolved_path Buffer into which the resolved path will be written. It must be at least MAXPATHLEN bytes in size. realpath( ) will never write more than that into the buffer, including the NULL-terminating byte. If the function fails for any reason, the return value will be NULL, and errno will contain an error code indicating the reason for the failure. If the function is successful, a pointer to resolved_path will be returned. On Windows, there is an equivalent function to realpath( ) called GetFullPathName( ). It will resolve relative paths, link information, and even UNC (Microsoft’s Universal Naming Convention) names. The function is more flexible than its Unix counterpart in that it is thread-safe and provides an interface to allow you to dynamically allocate enough memory to hold the resolved canonical path. The signature for GetFullPathName( ) is: DWORD GetFullPathName(LPCTSTR lpFileName, DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer, LPTSTR *lpFilePath); This function has the following arguments: lpFileName Path to be resolved. nBufferLength Size of the buffer, in characters, into which the resolved path will be written. lpBuffer Buffer into which the resolved path will be written. lpFilePart Pointer into lpBuffer that points to the filename portion of the resolved path. GetFullPathName( ) will set this pointer on return if it is successful in resolving the path. When you initially call GetFullPathName( ), you should specifiy NULL for lpBuffer, and 0 for nBufferLength. When you do this, the return value from GetFullPathName( ) will be the number of characters required to hold the resolved path. After you allocate the necessary buffer space, call GetFullPathName( ) again with nBufferLength and lpBuffer filled in appropriately. 98 | Chapter 3: Input Validation This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
GetFullPathName( ) requires the length of the buffer to be specified in characters, not bytes. Likewise, the return value from the function will be in units of characters rather than bytes. When allocating memory for the buffer, be sure to multiply the number of characters by sizeof(TCHAR). If an error occurs in resolving the path, GetFullPathName( ) will return 0, and you can call GetLastError( ) to determine the cause of the error; otherwise, it will return the number of characters written into lpBuffer. In the following example, SpcResolvePath( ) demonstrates how to use GetFullPathName( ) properly. If it is successful, it will return a dynamically allocated buffer that contains the resolved path; otherwise, it will return NULL. The allocated buffer must be freed by calling LocalFree( ). #include LPTSTR SpcResolvePath(LPCTSTR lpFileName) { DWORD dwLastError, nBufferLength; LPTSTR lpBuffer, lpFilePart; if (!(nBufferLength = GetFullPathName(lpFileName, 0, 0, &lpFilePart))) return 0; if (!(lpBuffer = (LPTSTR)LocalAlloc(LMEM_FIXED, sizeof(TCHAR) * nBufferLength))) return 0; if (!GetFullPathName(lpFileName, nBufferLength, lpBuffer, &lpFilePart)) { dwLastError = GetLastError( ); LocalFree(lpBuffer); SetLastError(dwLastError); return 0; } return lpBuffer; } 3.8 Evaluating URL Encodings <strong>Problem</strong> You need to decode a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Solution Iterate over the characters in the URLlooking for a percent symbol followed by two hexadecimal digits. When such a sequence is encountered, combine the hexadecimal digits to obtain the character with which to replace the entire sequence. For example, in the ASCII character set, the letter “A” has the value 0x41, which could be encoded as “%41”. This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaluating URL Encodings | 99
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
Page 75 and 76: if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
Page 77 and 78: spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
Page 79 and 80: if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
Page 81 and 82: CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
Page 83 and 84: 2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
Page 85 and 86: eset the umask between your adjustm
Page 87 and 88: Locking files on Windows Where Unix
Page 89 and 90: NFS older than Version 3 in particu
Page 91 and 92: a loop until all the data is read.
Page 93 and 94: if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
Page 95 and 96: generator. The code presented here
Page 97 and 98: access to the filesystem, the poten
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
Page 101 and 102: components of the system are truste
Page 103 and 104: try to use them. For example, what
Page 105 and 106: To combat malicious uses of “%n
Page 107 and 108: Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
Page 109 and 110: Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
Page 111 and 112: The second problem area occurs when
Page 113 and 114: (see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
Page 115 and 116: safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
Page 117 and 118: Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
Page 119 and 120: which the records begin. Generally,
Page 121 and 122: pointer or a different value altoge
Page 123 and 124: if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
Page 125: if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
Page 129 and 130: if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
Page 131 and 132: 3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
Page 133 and 134: * These are HTML tags that do not t
Page 135 and 136: *ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
Page 137 and 138: Finally, if you are using the LIKE
Page 139 and 140: Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
Page 141 and 142: the connections to the server. The
Page 143 and 144: SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
Page 145 and 146: To ensure that you choose the right
Page 147 and 148: See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
Page 149 and 150: This function takes the following a
Page 151 and 152: } break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
Page 153 and 154: *p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
Page 155 and 156: } return result; case -1: if (stric
Page 157 and 158: #define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
Page 159 and 160: Discussion This function spc_words2
Page 161 and 162: 4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
Page 163 and 164: the lifetime of the key; the counte
Page 165 and 166: #include #include #include #incl
Page 167 and 168: #include #include /* This value n
Page 169 and 170: } CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
Page 171 and 172: cryptographic one-way hash from a t
Page 173 and 174: HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
Page 175 and 176: database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
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Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
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uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
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BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
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DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
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attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
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API for encryption and decryption,
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memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
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*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
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struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
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error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
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ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524:
#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
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} static void spc_ssock_write( int
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while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
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In such cases, you need to be able
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Discussion One of the big motivator
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A digital certificate contains info
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Certificate revocation What happens
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cate as long as it still has its pr
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Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
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automated email to the address you
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The type of code-signing certificat
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10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
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Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
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ights of the entity tied to that ce
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10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
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sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
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X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
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HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
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See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
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SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
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verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
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int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
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for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
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only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
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if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
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headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
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In this recipe, we have used a numb
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{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
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LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
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lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
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of tunable variables that affect th
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SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
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* All done. Set the return code bas
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Solution There are essentially thre
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the byte is even, he reduces the nu
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See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
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11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
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a pointer to data. Instead, they re
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if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
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Here we show how to use this functi
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attacks are a realistic threat, you
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This function never fails (save for
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Using a stream cipher as a generato
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One very safe way to use a cryptogr
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out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
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0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
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strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
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} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
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nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
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See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
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If the generator is not seeded with
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Discussion In all cases, you will s
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Solution Because of the way that fl
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double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
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See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
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It would be nice if you did not hav
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For this reason, we think the full
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} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
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See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
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ecause even if a source does fail c
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you use a seed file, you can just c
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• If you have to accept data from
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with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
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Collecting entropy from the keyboar
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f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
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SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
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} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
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number of bits of entropy has been
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} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
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See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
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Discussion We strongly recommend th
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Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
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tecture-specific checks to determin
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ure or to examine a hardware valida
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• Detecting modification to a com
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for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
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#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
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Solution Obfuscating compiled code
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" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
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Because library functions are loade
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encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
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12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
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12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
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12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
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arrays. This array type will hide t
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eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
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The following example demonstrates
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Discussion The techniques for hidin
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12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
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Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
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12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
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The int3 interface can also be used
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To demonstrate the effect this macr
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08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
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ine the instruction making the refe
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mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
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eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
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need to use one of the three ring3
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cates failure, it’s likely that n
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tion gets caught. The only ways to
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memory location will generally stil
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eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
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The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
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Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
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Do not share signal handlers. Sever
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#endif } static int signal_was_caug
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paper reached the widest audience,
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The proper way to handle a program
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handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
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#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
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#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
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if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
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Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
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ability to run. The default limits
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Note that the structures as present
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access to the machine. This makes i
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ing log entries. It is possible, ho
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attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
show all

Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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