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sents a certificate, the commonly accepted convention is for either the commonName or the subjectAltName to contain the hostname of the server that is presenting it. Often, if both fields are present, they will contain the same information. If both fields are present and they contain different information, it is most likely because the commonName field contains some information other than a hostname. Even if both fields contain hostnames, the subjectAltName field should always take precedence over the commonName field. Certificate extensions were added to the X.509 standard in Version 3, so older certificates use the commonName field, while newer ones use the subjectAltName extension. Discussion The basic certificate verification, as described in Recipe 10.4, is the hard part of verifying a certificate. It ensures that the certificate is valid for the dates it was issued (i.e., the current date is within the certificate’s start and end dates), it has not been revoked (provided that you have the relevant CRL), and it was signed by a trusted CA. Now you must make sure that the certificate is valid for the site that is claiming ownership of it. If you do not, any site could present you with Microsoft’s certificate, claiming it as their own, and it would successfully verify. When new certificates are issued, use of the subjectAltName extension is preferred over use of the commonName field, so that should be checked first. If no subjectAltName extension is present, the commonName field should be checked instead. When a subjectAltName is present but does not match, verification of the certificate should fail. Likewise, if the commonName field is checked and it does not match, verification of the certificate should fail. In either case, communication with the peer should be terminated if verification of its certificate fails. What we have described thus far, particularly in regard to the subjectAltName extension, is simplified a great deal. The subjectAltName extension is actually a container that may contain several different fields, each one responsible for different information. For our purposes, and the purposes of verifying the hostname within a certificate, we are only interested in the dnsName field. When we say that a subjectAltName extension is either present or absent, we are actually concerned with the presence or absence of the dnsName field within the subjectAltName field. In other words, if a subjectAltName extension is present but does not contain a dnsName field, we say that the subjectAltName extension is absent. If you are using OpenSSL, you will normally have a certificate as an X509 object. The following code will check the hostname in that object: #include #include #include 540 | Chapter 10: Public Key Infrastructure This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *cert, char *hostname) { int extcount, i, j, ok = 0; char name[256]; X509_NAME *subj; const char *extstr; CONF_VALUE *nval; unsigned char *data; X509_EXTENSION *ext; X509V3_EXT_METHOD *meth; STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *val; if ((extcount = X509_get_ext_count(cert)) > 0) { for (i = 0; !ok && i < extcount; i++) { ext = X509_get_ext(cert, i); extstr = OBJ_nid2sn(OBJ_obj2nid(X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext))); if (!strcasecmp(extstr, "subjectAltName")) { if (!(meth = X509V3_EXT_get(ext))) break; data = ext->value->data; val = meth->i2v(meth, meth->d2i(0, &data, ext->value->length), 0); for (j = 0; j < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(val); j++) { nval = sk_CONF_VALUE_value(val, j); if (!strcasecmp(nval->name, "DNS") && !strcasecmp(nval->value, hostname)) { ok = 1; break; } } } } } if (!ok && (subj = X509_get_subject_name(cert)) && X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID(subj, NID_commonName, name, sizeof(name)) > 0) { name[sizeof(name) - 1] = '\0'; if (!strcasecmp(name, hostname)) ok = 1; } return ok; } If you are using CryptoAPI on Windows, you will normally have a certificate as a CERT_CONTEXT object. The following code checks the hostname in that object: #include #include static LPWSTR fold_wide(LPWSTR str) { int len; LPWSTR wstr; if (!(len = FoldStringW(MAP_PRECOMPOSED, str, -1, 0, 0))) return 0; if (!(wstr = (LPWSTR)LocalAlloc(LMEM_FIXED, len * sizeof(WCHAR)))) return 0; if (!FoldStringW(MAP_PRECOMPOSED, str, -1, wstr, len)) { Adding Hostname Checking to Certificate Verification | 541 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
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To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
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Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
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uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
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BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
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DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
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attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
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API for encryption and decryption,
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memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
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*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
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struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
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error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
Page 517 and 518: if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
Page 519 and 520: maintenance. Adding or removing ser
Page 521 and 522: ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524: #define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
Page 525 and 526: } static void spc_ssock_write( int
Page 527 and 528: while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
Page 529 and 530: In such cases, you need to be able
Page 531 and 532: Discussion One of the big motivator
Page 533 and 534: A digital certificate contains info
Page 535 and 536: Certificate revocation What happens
Page 537 and 538: cate as long as it still has its pr
Page 539 and 540: Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
Page 541 and 542: ple is the permissible uses for a c
Page 543 and 544: automated email to the address you
Page 545 and 546: The type of code-signing certificat
Page 547 and 548: 10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
Page 549 and 550: Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
Page 551 and 552: ights of the entity tied to that ce
Page 553 and 554: 10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
Page 555 and 556: sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
Page 557 and 558: X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560: CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
Page 561 and 562: HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
Page 563 and 564: See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566: SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
Page 567: verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
Page 571 and 572: for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
Page 573 and 574: only work you really need to do is
Page 575 and 576: digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
Page 577 and 578: if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
Page 579 and 580: "\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
Page 581 and 582: headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
Page 583 and 584: In this recipe, we have used a numb
Page 585 and 586: { "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
Page 587 and 588: LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590: lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
Page 591 and 592: of tunable variables that affect th
Page 593 and 594: SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
Page 595 and 596: * All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598: Solution There are essentially thre
Page 599 and 600: the byte is even, he reduces the nu
Page 601 and 602: See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604: 11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606: a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608: if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
Page 609 and 610: Here we show how to use this functi
Page 611 and 612: attacks are a realistic threat, you
Page 613 and 614: This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616: Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618: One very safe way to use a cryptogr
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out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
Page 625 and 626:
strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
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nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
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If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
Page 649 and 650:
See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
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• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
Page 661 and 662:
f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
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SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666:
} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
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number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670:
} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672:
See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
Page 675 and 676:
Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678:
tecture-specific checks to determin
Page 679 and 680:
ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682:
• Detecting modification to a com
Page 683 and 684:
for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686:
#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688:
Solution Obfuscating compiled code
Page 689 and 690:
" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692:
Because library functions are loade
Page 693 and 694:
encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696:
12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698:
12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
Page 699 and 700:
12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
Page 701 and 702:
arrays. This array type will hide t
Page 703 and 704:
eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
Page 705 and 706:
The following example demonstrates
Page 707 and 708:
Discussion The techniques for hidin
Page 709 and 710:
12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
Page 711 and 712:
Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
Page 713 and 714:
12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715 and 716:
The int3 interface can also be used
Page 717 and 718:
To demonstrate the effect this macr
Page 719 and 720:
08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
Page 721 and 722:
ine the instruction making the refe
Page 723 and 724:
mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
Page 725 and 726:
eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
Page 727 and 728:
need to use one of the three ring3
Page 729 and 730:
cates failure, it’s likely that n
Page 731 and 732:
tion gets caught. The only ways to
Page 733 and 734:
memory location will generally stil
Page 735 and 736:
eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
Page 737 and 738:
The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740:
Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742:
Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744:
#endif } static int signal_was_caug
Page 745 and 746:
paper reached the widest audience,
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The proper way to handle a program
Page 749 and 750:
handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
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#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754:
#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756:
if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758:
Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
Page 759 and 760:
ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762:
Note that the structures as present
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access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765:
ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
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CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
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deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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