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deriving symmetric keys from a password, 136–142 DES algorithm, usage by crypt( ), 400 detecting illegal UTF-8 characters, 110–111 determining user access to a file (Unix), 43–44 /dev/random and /dev/urandom, 575–579 avoiding race conditions, 578 binding to a generic API, 577 potential for failure, 576 supporting Unix distributions, 575 /dev/null absence in a chroot( ) environment, 24 opening standard descriptors with, 24 DH_check( ), 433 DH_compute_key( ), 434 DH_compute_secret( ), 435 DH_generate_key( ), 434 DH_generate_keys( ), 435 DH_generate_parameters( ), 433 DialogBox( ), 635 DialogBoxParam( ), dependence on progress bar control, 642 dictionaries for converting text keys to binary keys, 130 for representing keys as English text, 128 dictionary attacks prevention, 133 RSA and, 335 Diffie-Hellman algorithm, 312 DSA, used with, 436 forward secrecy and, 446 key exchange protocol, 432–436 generator, 433 modulus, 432 random number generation for a shared secret, 435 recommended key lengths, 313 Digest-Auth, 368 Digital Signature Algorithm (see DSA) digital signatures, 307 DSA, 347 and non-repudiation, 311 directory security, 45 DISASM_FALSERET macro, 691 vs. GNU objdump, 693 vs. IDA Pro, 692 DISASM_MISALIGN macro, 690 vs. GNU objdump, 691 vs. IDA Pro, 690 discretionary access control list (DACL), 41 744 | Index disk encryption, 213–217 using LION, 214–217 with IVs or nonces, 213 disks, encryption of, 213–217 using LION, 214–217 with IVs or nonces, 213 distinguished encoding rules (DER), 352 distinguished names, 504 distinguishers, 142 selection, 144 double-encoding attacks, 100 dropping privileges in setuid programs, 16–20 DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm), 312, 347–352 Diffie-Hellman, used with, 436 recommended key lengths, 313 signature precomputation, 349 DSA_generate_key( ), 349 DSA_generate_parameters( ), 348 DSA_sign( ), 350 DSA_sign_setup( ), 349 DSA_verify( ), 351 dumping core, security aspects, 36 DUNS numbers, 517 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. E ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode, 164, 171–175 OpenSSL block ciphers implementations, 173–175 setup, 221 effective, real and saved user and group IDs, 17, 38 effective vs. real user and group IDs, 17 EGADS (Entropy Gathering and Distribution System), 599–603 security, 599 supported platforms, 599 egads_destroy( ), 601 egads_entropy( ), 600 egads_init( ), 600 egads_randfname( ), 602 egads_randint( ), 602 egads_randlong( ), 602 egads_randrange( ), 602 egads_randreal( ), 602 egads_randstring( ), 602 egads_randuint( ), 602 egads_randulong( ), 602 egads_randuniform( ), 602
EGD (Entropy Gathering Daemon), 594–599 commands, 594 risks as an entropy source, 595 socket directory, 596 ELF-based Unix and environment variables, 3 elf_get_entry( ), 697 elliptic curve cryptography, 308 licensing, 312 email addresses, validating, 101–102 confirming requests via, 447–453 lexical rules, validation against, 101 email, certificates for use in, 514 EME-OAEP padding, 333–336 ENCMAP data type, 148 encryption in a single reduced character set, 146 Kerberos, using, 470–475 message integrity and, 298 parallelizing in modes that allow it, 208–211 using hash functions, 301–303 encryption algorithms choosing, 156–160 supporting multiple, 155 “Encryption Queue” implementation of CWC, 217–221 encrypt-then-authenticate paradigm, 299 encrypt_within_charset( ), 148 endianess, 118 endpwent( ), 373 Enhanced SNACC ASN.1 compiler, source, 353 entropy, 570 adding, reasons for, 592 collection tips, 572 compression of entropy-containing data, 593 determining required quantity, 571 EGADS (Entropy Gathering and Distribution System), using, 599–603 EGD and compatible third-party tools, 594–599 entropy harvesters, 569 estimation and management, 621–629 attacks on entropy sources, 622 disk access, entropy in, 628 insecurity of boot time as entropy source, 621 key presses, entropy in, 627 mouse events, entropy in, 627 network data, entropy in, 628 sound devices, entropy in, 629 thread timing and system state, entropy in, 629 threat models, 621–625 timestamps, entropy in, 625–627 Unix systems, observable entropy, 622 fractional bits, 571 generic API for, 573 getting at startup, 614 key length and, 569 keyboards, gathering from, 630–637 Unix, 631–633 Windows, 634–637 mouse events, gathering from in Windows, 638–643 system state, gathering from, 644 thread timings, gathering from, 643 Unix tools for generating, 575–579 usefulness, 569 whitening, 571 Entropy Gathering and Distribution System (see EGADS) Entropy Gathering Daemon (see EGD) ENTROPY_PER_SAMPLE macro, 631 enveloping interfaces, 333 environ global variable (C language), 2 environment validation, 648 environment variables CGI scripts, used by, 5 deleting, 95 inheritance, 92 obtaining, 92 protecting from exploitation, 1–7 secure usage, 92–97 TZ (time zone), 4 Unix and Windows dependencies, 2 value, changing, 93 ephemeral Diffie-Hellman, 436 ephemeral keying, 446 equals (=), base64 padding character, 124 erasing files securely, 47 error handling, 700–704 evaluating URL encodings, 99 event-driven systems and shatter attacks, 717 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher( ), 230 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( ), 229 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init( ), 222 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_mode( ), 230 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length( ), 226, 227 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Index | 745
Page 3 and 4:
Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
Page 105 and 106:
To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
Page 145 and 146:
To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
Page 257 and 258:
The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
Page 431 and 432:
On systems that support MCF through
Page 433 and 434:
for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
Page 435 and 436:
CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
Page 439 and 440:
Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
Page 453 and 454:
extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
Page 463 and 464:
Often, you’ll want to generate a
Page 465 and 466:
Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
Page 471 and 472:
uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
Page 473 and 474:
compromise. If our system has such
Page 475 and 476:
When using RSA, if you’re doing o
Page 477 and 478:
see the confirmation request and th
Page 479 and 480:
Upon receipt of a response to a con
Page 481 and 482:
BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
Page 483 and 484:
Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
Page 485 and 486:
if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
Page 487 and 488:
The next step is to call spc_accept
Page 489 and 490:
Discussion Session caching is norma
Page 491 and 492:
if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
Page 495 and 496:
DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
Page 497 and 498:
attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
Page 499 and 500:
API for encryption and decryption,
Page 501 and 502:
memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
Page 503 and 504:
*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
Page 507 and 508:
struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
Page 509 and 510:
error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
Page 521 and 522:
ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524:
#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
Page 525 and 526:
} static void spc_ssock_write( int
Page 527 and 528:
while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
Page 529 and 530:
In such cases, you need to be able
Page 531 and 532:
Discussion One of the big motivator
Page 533 and 534:
A digital certificate contains info
Page 535 and 536:
Certificate revocation What happens
Page 537 and 538:
cate as long as it still has its pr
Page 539 and 540:
Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
Page 541 and 542:
ple is the permissible uses for a c
Page 543 and 544:
automated email to the address you
Page 545 and 546:
The type of code-signing certificat
Page 547 and 548:
10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
Page 549 and 550:
Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
Page 551 and 552:
ights of the entity tied to that ce
Page 553 and 554:
10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
Page 555 and 556:
sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
Page 557 and 558:
X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
Page 561 and 562:
HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
Page 563 and 564:
See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566:
SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
Page 567 and 568:
verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
Page 569 and 570:
int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
Page 571 and 572:
for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
Page 573 and 574:
only work you really need to do is
Page 575 and 576:
digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
Page 577 and 578:
if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
Page 579 and 580:
"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
Page 581 and 582:
headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
Page 583 and 584:
In this recipe, we have used a numb
Page 585 and 586:
{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
Page 587 and 588:
LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590:
lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
Page 591 and 592:
of tunable variables that affect th
Page 593 and 594:
SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
Page 595 and 596:
* All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598:
Solution There are essentially thre
Page 599 and 600:
the byte is even, he reduces the nu
Page 601 and 602:
See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606:
a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608:
if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
Page 609 and 610:
Here we show how to use this functi
Page 611 and 612:
attacks are a realistic threat, you
Page 613 and 614:
This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616:
Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618:
One very safe way to use a cryptogr
Page 619 and 620:
out Buffer into which the random da
Page 621 and 622:
1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
Page 625 and 626:
strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
Page 629 and 630:
nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
Page 633 and 634:
If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
Page 649 and 650:
See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
Page 655 and 656:
• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
Page 661 and 662:
f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
Page 663 and 664:
SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666:
} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
Page 667 and 668:
number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670:
} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672:
See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
Page 675 and 676:
Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678:
tecture-specific checks to determin
Page 679 and 680:
ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682:
• Detecting modification to a com
Page 683 and 684:
for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686:
#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688:
Solution Obfuscating compiled code
Page 689 and 690:
" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692:
Because library functions are loade
Page 693 and 694:
encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696:
12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698:
12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
Page 699 and 700:
12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
Page 701 and 702:
arrays. This array type will hide t
Page 703 and 704:
eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
Page 705 and 706:
The following example demonstrates
Page 707 and 708:
Discussion The techniques for hidin
Page 709 and 710:
12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
Page 711 and 712:
Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
Page 713 and 714:
12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715 and 716:
The int3 interface can also be used
Page 717 and 718:
To demonstrate the effect this macr
Page 719 and 720:
08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
Page 721 and 722: ine the instruction making the refe
Page 723 and 724: mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
Page 725 and 726: eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
Page 727 and 728: need to use one of the three ring3
Page 729 and 730: cates failure, it’s likely that n
Page 731 and 732: tion gets caught. The only ways to
Page 733 and 734: memory location will generally stil
Page 735 and 736: eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
Page 737 and 738: The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740: Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742: Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744: #endif } static int signal_was_caug
Page 745 and 746: paper reached the widest audience,
Page 747 and 748: The proper way to handle a program
Page 749 and 750: handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752: #ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754: #define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756: if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758: Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
Page 759 and 760: ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762: Note that the structures as present
Page 763 and 764: access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765: ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769: attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771: CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 774 and 775: EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777: integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779: message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781: parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783: RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785: session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787: spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789: symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791: Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792: oads. They will often travel up to
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Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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