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Without going into the technical details of the problems with RC4 key setup, it’s sufficient to say that the real problem occurs when you key multiple RC4 instances with related keys. For example, in some circles it is common to use a truncated base key, then concatenate a counter for each message (which is not a good idea in and of itself because it reduces the effective key strength). The first way to solve this problem is to use a cryptographic hash function to randomize the key. If your key is 128 bits, you can use MD5 and take the entire digest value, or you can use a hash function with a larger digest, such as SHA1 or SHA-256, truncating the result to the appropriate size. Here’s some code for setting up an RC4 context by hashing key material using MD5 (include openssl/md5.h to have this work directly with OpenSSL’s implementation). MD5 is fine for this purpose; you can also use SHA1 and truncate to 16 bytes. /* Assumes you have not yet initialized the context, but have allocated it. */ void secure_rc4_setup1(RC4_CTX *ctx, char *key) { char res[16]; /* 16 is the size in bytes of the resulting MD5 digest. */ MD5(key, 16, res); RC4_set_key(ctx, 16, res); } Note that RC4 does not use an initialization vector. Another option is to start using RC4, but throw away the first 256 bytes worth of keystream. One easy way to do that is to encrypt 256 bits of garbage and ignore the results: /* Assumes an already instantiated RC4 context. */ void secure_rc4_setup2(RC4_CTX *ctx) { char buf[256] = {0,}; RC4(ctx, sizeof(buf), buf, buf); spc_memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf)); } 5.24 Using One-Time Pads <strong>Problem</strong> You want to use an encryption algorithm that has provable secrecy properties, and deploy it in a fashion that does not destroy the security properties of the algorithm. Solution Settle for more realistic security goals. Do not use a one-time pad. 236 | Chapter 5: Symmetric Encryption This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Discussion One-time pads are provably secure if implemented properly. Unfortunately, they are rarely used properly. A one-time pad is very much like a stream cipher. Encryption is simply XOR’ing the message with the keystream. The security comes from having every single bit of the keystream be truly random instead of merely cryptographically random. If portions of the keystream are reused, the security of data encrypted with those portions is incredibly weak. There are a number of big hurdles when using one-time pads: • It is very close to impossible to generate a truly random keystream in software. (See Chapter 11 for more information.) • The keystream must somehow be shared between client and server. Because there can be no algorithm to produce the keystream, some entity will need to produce the keystream and transmit it securely to both parties. • The keystream must be as long as the message. If you have a message that’s bigger than the keystream you have remaining, you can’t send the entire message. • Integrity checking is just as important with one-time pads as with any other encryption technique. As with the output of any stream cipher, if you modify a bit in the ciphertext generated by a one-time pad, the corresponding bit of the plaintext will flip. In addition, one-time pads have no built-in mechanism for detecting truncation or additive attacks. Message authentication in a provably secure manner essentially requires a keystream twice the data length. Basically, the secure deployment of one-time pads is almost always highly impractical. You are generally far better off using a good high-level interface to encryption and decryption, such as the one provided in Recipe 5.16. See Also Recipe 5.16 5.25 Using Symmetric Encryption with Microsoft’s CryptoAPI <strong>Problem</strong> You are developing an application that will run on Windows and make use of symmetric encryption. You want to use Microsoft’s CryptoAPI. Using Symmetric Encryption with Microsoft’s CryptoAPI | 237 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
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To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
Page 213 and 214: if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
Page 215 and 216: that the state function is always r
Page 217 and 218: Note that this code depends on the
Page 219 and 220: if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
Page 221 and 222: one block at a time, by encrypting
Page 223 and 224: spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
Page 225 and 226: 5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
Page 227 and 228: These two functions also erase the
Page 229 and 230: we ignore that because it will alwa
Page 231 and 232: Once those bindings are made, the Z
Page 233 and 234: output Buffer into which the plaint
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Page 237 and 238: In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
Page 239 and 240: void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
Page 241 and 242: 5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
Page 243 and 244: Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
Page 245 and 246: } RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
Page 247 and 248: techniques from Chapter 8), the key
Page 249 and 250: communicate asynchronously (that is
Page 251 and 252: key Pointer to the encryption key t
Page 253 and 254: Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
Page 255 and 256: While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
Page 257 and 258: The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
Page 259 and 260: Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
Page 261 and 262: ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
Page 263: The “official” RC4 key setup fu
Page 267 and 268: Once a provider context has been su
Page 269 and 270: Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
Page 271 and 272: hKey Key to use for performing the
Page 273 and 274: if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
Page 275 and 276: exportable from key objects, but th
Page 277 and 278: Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
Page 279 and 280: Generally, you should prefer an enc
Page 281 and 282: See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
Page 283 and 284: Noncorrelation It should also be co
Page 285 and 286: Let’s look briefly at the pros an
Page 287 and 288: Solution In most cases, instead of
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Page 291 and 292: Libraries with cryptographic hash f
Page 293 and 294: #include int main(int argc, char *
Page 295 and 296: See Also Implementations of SHA-256
Page 297 and 298: CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
Page 299 and 300: To ensure the best security, we str
Page 301 and 302: if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
Page 303 and 304: you might use a library such as Ope
Page 305 and 306: Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
Page 307 and 308: if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
Page 309 and 310: OMAC has been explicitly specified
Page 311 and 312: unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
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Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
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uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
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BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
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DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
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attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
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API for encryption and decryption,
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memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
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*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
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struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
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error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
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ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
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#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
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} static void spc_ssock_write( int
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while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
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In such cases, you need to be able
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Discussion One of the big motivator
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A digital certificate contains info
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Certificate revocation What happens
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cate as long as it still has its pr
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Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
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automated email to the address you
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The type of code-signing certificat
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10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
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Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
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ights of the entity tied to that ce
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10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
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sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
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X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
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CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
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HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
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See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
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SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
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verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
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int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
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for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
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only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
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if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
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headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
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In this recipe, we have used a numb
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{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
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LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
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lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
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of tunable variables that affect th
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SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
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* All done. Set the return code bas
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Solution There are essentially thre
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the byte is even, he reduces the nu
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See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
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11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
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a pointer to data. Instead, they re
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if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
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Here we show how to use this functi
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attacks are a realistic threat, you
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This function never fails (save for
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Using a stream cipher as a generato
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One very safe way to use a cryptogr
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out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
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0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
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strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
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} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
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nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
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See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
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If the generator is not seeded with
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Discussion In all cases, you will s
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Solution Because of the way that fl
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double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
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See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
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It would be nice if you did not hav
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For this reason, we think the full
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} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
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See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
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ecause even if a source does fail c
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you use a seed file, you can just c
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• If you have to accept data from
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with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
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f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
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SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
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} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
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number of bits of entropy has been
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} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
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See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
Page 675 and 676:
Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678:
tecture-specific checks to determin
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ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682:
• Detecting modification to a com
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for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686:
#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688:
Solution Obfuscating compiled code
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" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692:
Because library functions are loade
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encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696:
12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698:
12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
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12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
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arrays. This array type will hide t
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eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
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The following example demonstrates
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Discussion The techniques for hidin
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12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
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Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
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12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715 and 716:
The int3 interface can also be used
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To demonstrate the effect this macr
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08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
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ine the instruction making the refe
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mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
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eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
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need to use one of the three ring3
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cates failure, it’s likely that n
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tion gets caught. The only ways to
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memory location will generally stil
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eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
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The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740:
Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742:
Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744:
#endif } static int signal_was_caug
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paper reached the widest audience,
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The proper way to handle a program
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handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752:
#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
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#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
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if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
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Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
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ability to run. The default limits
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Note that the structures as present
Page 763 and 764:
access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765:
ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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