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case '\b': *ptr++ = '\\'; *ptr++ = 'b'; break; case '\n': *ptr++ = '\\'; *ptr++ = 'n'; break; case '\r': *ptr++ = '\\'; *ptr++ = 'r'; break; case '\t': *ptr++ = '\\'; *ptr++ = 't'; break; default: *ptr++ = *c; break; } } *ptr++ = quote; *ptr = 0; return out; } 3.12 Detecting Illegal UTF-8 Characters <strong>Problem</strong> Your program accepts external input in UTF-8 encoding. You need to make sure that the UTF-8 encoding is valid. Solution Scan the input string for illegal UTF-8 sequences. If any illegal sequences are detected, reject the input. Discussion UTF-8 is an encoding that is used to represent multibyte character sets in a way that is backward-compatible with single-byte character sets. Another advantage of UTF-8 is that it ensures there are no NULL bytes in the data, with the exception of an actual NULL byte. Encodings such as Unicode’s UCS-2 may (and often do) contain NULL bytes as “padding” if they are treated as byte streams. For example, the letter “A” is 0x41 in ASCII or UTF-8, but it is 0x0041 in UCS-2. The first byte in a UTF-8 sequence determines the number of bytes that follow it to make up the complete sequence. The number of upper bits set in the first byte minus one indicates the number of bytes that follow. A bit that is never set immediately follows the count, and the remaining bits are used as part of the character encoding. The bytes that follow the first byte will always have the upper two bits set and unset, respectively; the remaining bits are combined with the encoding bits from the other bytes in the sequence to compute the character. Table 3-2 lists the binary encodings for the range of characters from 0x00000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF. 110 | Chapter 3: Input Validation This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequences Byte range UTF-8 binary representation 0x00000000 - 0x0000007F 0bbbbbbb 0x00000080 - 0x000007FF 110bbbbb 10bbbbbb 0x00000800 - 0x0000FFFF 1110bbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 0x00010000 - 0x001FFFFF 11110bbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 0x00200000 - 0x03FFFFFF 111110bb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 0x04000000 - 0x7FFFFFFF 1111110b 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb 10bbbbbb The problem with UTF-8 encoding is that invalid sequences can be embedded in the data. The UTF-8 specification states that the only legal encoding for a character is the shortest sequence of bytes that yields the correct value. Longer sequences may be able to produce the same value as a shorter sequence, but they are not legal; such a longer sequence is called an overlong sequence. The security issue posed by overlong sequences is that allowing them makes it significantly more difficult to analyze a UTF-8 encoded string because multiple representations are possible for the same character. It would be possible to recognize overlong sequences and convert them to the shortest sequence, but we recommend against doing that because there may be other issues involved that have not yet been discovered. We recommend that you reject any input that contains an overlong sequence. The following spc_utf8_isvalid( ) function will scan a string encoded in UTF-8 to verify that it contains only valid sequences. It will return 1 if the string contains only legitimate encoding sequences; otherwise, it will return 0. int spc_utf8_isvalid(const unsigned char *input) { int nb; const unsigned char *c = input; for (c = input; *c; c += (nb + 1)) { if (!(*c & 0x80)) nb = 0; else if ((*c & 0xc0) = = 0x80) return 0; else if ((*c & 0xe0) = = 0xc0) nb = 1; else if ((*c & 0xf0) = = 0xe0) nb = 2; else if ((*c & 0xf8) = = 0xf0) nb = 3; else if ((*c & 0xfc) = = 0xf8) nb = 4; else if ((*c & 0xfe) = = 0xfc) nb = 5; while (nb-- > 0) if ((*(c + nb) & 0xc0) != 0x80) return 0; } return 1; } Detecting Illegal UTF-8 Characters | 111 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
Page 87 and 88: Locking files on Windows Where Unix
Page 89 and 90: NFS older than Version 3 in particu
Page 91 and 92: a loop until all the data is read.
Page 93 and 94: if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
Page 95 and 96: generator. The code presented here
Page 97 and 98: access to the filesystem, the poten
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
Page 101 and 102: components of the system are truste
Page 103 and 104: try to use them. For example, what
Page 105 and 106: To combat malicious uses of “%n
Page 107 and 108: Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
Page 109 and 110: Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
Page 111 and 112: The second problem area occurs when
Page 113 and 114: (see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
Page 115 and 116: safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
Page 117 and 118: Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
Page 119 and 120: which the records begin. Generally,
Page 121 and 122: pointer or a different value altoge
Page 123 and 124: if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
Page 125 and 126: if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
Page 127 and 128: GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
Page 129 and 130: if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
Page 131 and 132: 3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
Page 133 and 134: * These are HTML tags that do not t
Page 135 and 136: *ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
Page 137: Finally, if you are using the LIKE
Page 141 and 142: the connections to the server. The
Page 143 and 144: SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
Page 145 and 146: To ensure that you choose the right
Page 147 and 148: See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
Page 149 and 150: This function takes the following a
Page 151 and 152: } break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
Page 153 and 154: *p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
Page 155 and 156: } return result; case -1: if (stric
Page 157 and 158: #define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
Page 159 and 160: Discussion This function spc_words2
Page 161 and 162: 4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
Page 163 and 164: the lifetime of the key; the counte
Page 165 and 166: #include #include #include #incl
Page 167 and 168: #include #include /* This value n
Page 169 and 170: } CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
Page 171 and 172: cryptographic one-way hash from a t
Page 173 and 174: HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
Page 175 and 176: database does not support binary st
Page 177 and 178: Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
Page 179 and 180: For many different reasons, it can
Page 181 and 182: A more portable but less accurate w
Page 183 and 184: Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
Page 185 and 186: Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
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Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
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uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
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BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
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DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
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attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
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API for encryption and decryption,
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memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
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*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
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struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
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error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
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ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524:
#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
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} static void spc_ssock_write( int
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while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
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In such cases, you need to be able
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Discussion One of the big motivator
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A digital certificate contains info
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Certificate revocation What happens
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cate as long as it still has its pr
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Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
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automated email to the address you
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The type of code-signing certificat
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10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
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Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
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ights of the entity tied to that ce
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10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
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sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
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X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
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HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
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See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566:
SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
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verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
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int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
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for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
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only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
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if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
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headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
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In this recipe, we have used a numb
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{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
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LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
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lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
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of tunable variables that affect th
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SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
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* All done. Set the return code bas
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Solution There are essentially thre
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the byte is even, he reduces the nu
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See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
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a pointer to data. Instead, they re
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if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
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Here we show how to use this functi
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attacks are a realistic threat, you
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This function never fails (save for
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Using a stream cipher as a generato
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One very safe way to use a cryptogr
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out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
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0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
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strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
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} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
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nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
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See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
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If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
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See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
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ecause even if a source does fail c
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you use a seed file, you can just c
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• If you have to accept data from
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with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
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f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
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SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
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} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
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number of bits of entropy has been
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} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
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See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
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Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
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tecture-specific checks to determin
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ure or to examine a hardware valida
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• Detecting modification to a com
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for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
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#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
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Solution Obfuscating compiled code
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" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
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Because library functions are loade
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encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
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12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
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12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
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12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
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arrays. This array type will hide t
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eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
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The following example demonstrates
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Discussion The techniques for hidin
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12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
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Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
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12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
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The int3 interface can also be used
Page 717 and 718:
To demonstrate the effect this macr
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08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
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ine the instruction making the refe
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mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
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eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
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need to use one of the three ring3
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cates failure, it’s likely that n
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tion gets caught. The only ways to
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memory location will generally stil
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eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
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The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
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Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
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Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744:
#endif } static int signal_was_caug
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paper reached the widest audience,
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The proper way to handle a program
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handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752:
#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754:
#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756:
if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758:
Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
Page 759 and 760:
ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762:
Note that the structures as present
Page 763 and 764:
access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765:
ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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