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typedef struct { LPTSTR lpszAddress; LPSTR lpszID; LARGE_INTEGER liExpire; } SPC_CONFIRMATION; static DWORD dwConfirmationCount, dwConfirmationSize; static SPC_CONFIRMATION *pConfirmations; static BOOL NewConfirmation(LPCTSTR lpszAddress, LPCSTR lpszID) { DWORD dwIndex; LARGE_INTEGER liExpire; SPC_CONFIRMATION *pTemp; /* first make sure that the address isn't already in the list */ for (dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwConfirmationCount; dwIndex++) { if (CompareString(LOCALE_USER_DEFAULT, NORM_IGNORECASE, pConfirmations[dwIndex].lpszAddress, -1, lpszAddress, -1) = = CSTR_EQUAL) return FALSE; } if (dwConfirmationCount = = dwConfirmationSize) { if (!pConfirmations) pTemp = (SPC_CONFIRMATION *)LocalAlloc(LMEM_FIXED, sizeof(SPC_CONFIRMATION)); else pTemp = (SPC_CONFIRMATION *)LocalReAlloc(pConfirmations, sizeof(SPC_CONFIRMATION) * (dwConfirmationSize + 1), 0); if (!pTemp) return FALSE; pConfirmations = pTemp; dwConfirmationSize++; } pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszAddress = (LPTSTR)LocalAlloc( LMEM_FIXED, sizeof(TCHAR) * (lstrlen(lpszAddress) + 1)); if (!pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszAddress) return FALSE; lstrcpy(pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszAddress, lpszAddress); pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszID = (LPSTR)LocalAlloc(LMEM_FIXED, lstrlenA(lpszID) + 1); if (!pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszID) { LocalFree(pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszAddress); return FALSE; } lstrcpyA(pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].lpszID, lpszID); /* File Times are 100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 */ GetSystemTimeAsFileTime((LPFILETIME)&liExpire); liExpire.QuadPart += (SPC_CONFIRMATION_EXPIRE * (__int64)10000000); pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount].liExpire = liExpire; dwConfirmationCount++; return TRUE; } 452 | Chapter 8: Authentication and Key Exchange This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR lpszAddress, LPSTR *lpszID) { BYTE pbBuffer[16]; if (!spc_rand(pbBuffer, sizeof(pbBuffer))) return FALSE; if (!(*lpszID = (LPSTR)spc_base64_encode(pbBuffer, sizeof(pbBuffer), 0))) return FALSE; if (!NewConfirmation(lpszAddress, *lpszID)) { LocalFree(*lpszID); return FALSE; } return TRUE; } BOOL SpcConfirmationReceive(LPCTSTR lpszAddress, LPCSTR lpszID) { DWORD dwIndex; LARGE_INTEGER liNow; /* Before we check the pending list of confirmations, prune the list to * remove expired entries. */ GetSystemTimeAsFileTime((LPFILETIME)&liNow); for (dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwConfirmationCount; dwIndex++) { if (pConfirmations[dwIndex].liExpire.QuadPart 1 && dwIndex < dwConfirmationCount - 1) pConfirmations[dwIndex] = pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount - 1]; dwIndex--; dwConfirmationCount--; } } for (dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwConfirmationCount; dwIndex++) { if (CompareString(LOCALE_USER_DEFAULT, NORM_IGNORECASE, pConfirmations[dwIndex].lpszAddress, -1, lpszAddress, -1) = = CSTR_EQUAL) { if (lstrcmpA(pConfirmations[dwIndex].lpszID, lpszID) != 0) return FALSE; LocalFree(pConfirmations[dwIndex].lpszAddress); LocalFree(pConfirmations[dwIndex].lpszID); if (dwConfirmationCount > 1 && dwIndex < dwConfirmationCount - 1) pConfirmations[dwIndex] = pConfirmations[dwConfirmationCount - 1]; dwConfirmationCount--; return TRUE; } } return FALSE; } See Also Recipe 11.2 Confirming Requests via Email | 453 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
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To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
Page 429 and 430: decrypt the encrypted data. To make
Page 431 and 432: On systems that support MCF through
Page 433 and 434: for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
Page 435 and 436: CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
Page 437 and 438: Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
Page 439 and 440: Verifying a password encrypted usin
Page 441 and 442: c Pointer to an integer that will r
Page 443 and 444: each of these pieces of information
Page 445 and 446: server-side part of the authenticat
Page 447 and 448: 8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
Page 449 and 450: char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
Page 451 and 452: • Let the salt be public, in whic
Page 453 and 454: extra Additional application-specif
Page 455 and 456: xl Pointer into which the length of
Page 457 and 458: With a valid socket descriptor in h
Page 459 and 460: 11. The client and the server compu
Page 461 and 462: Some people like to use a fixed mod
Page 463 and 464: Often, you’ll want to generate a
Page 465 and 466: Discussion Remember, authentication
Page 467 and 468: • Provide the user with some way
Page 469 and 470: if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
Page 471 and 472: uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
Page 473 and 474: compromise. If our system has such
Page 475 and 476: When using RSA, if you’re doing o
Page 477 and 478: see the confirmation request and th
Page 479: Upon receipt of a response to a con
Page 483 and 484: Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
Page 485 and 486: if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
Page 487 and 488: The next step is to call spc_accept
Page 489 and 490: Discussion Session caching is norma
Page 491 and 492: if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
Page 493 and 494: The next step is to connect to the
Page 495 and 496: DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
Page 497 and 498: attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
Page 499 and 500: API for encryption and decryption,
Page 501 and 502: memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
Page 503 and 504: *outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
Page 505 and 506: so. Likewise, any process with the
Page 507 and 508: struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
Page 509 and 510: error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
Page 511 and 512: different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
Page 513 and 514: msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
Page 515 and 516: it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
Page 517 and 518: if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
Page 519 and 520: maintenance. Adding or removing ser
Page 521 and 522: ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524: #define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
Page 525 and 526: } static void spc_ssock_write( int
Page 527 and 528: while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
Page 529 and 530: In such cases, you need to be able
Page 531 and 532:
Discussion One of the big motivator
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A digital certificate contains info
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Certificate revocation What happens
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cate as long as it still has its pr
Page 539 and 540:
Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
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automated email to the address you
Page 545 and 546:
The type of code-signing certificat
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10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
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Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
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ights of the entity tied to that ce
Page 553 and 554:
10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
Page 555 and 556:
sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
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X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
Page 561 and 562:
HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
Page 563 and 564:
See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566:
SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
Page 567 and 568:
verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
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int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
Page 571 and 572:
for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
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only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
Page 577 and 578:
if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
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headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
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In this recipe, we have used a numb
Page 585 and 586:
{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
Page 587 and 588:
LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590:
lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
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of tunable variables that affect th
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SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
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* All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598:
Solution There are essentially thre
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the byte is even, he reduces the nu
Page 601 and 602:
See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606:
a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608:
if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
Page 609 and 610:
Here we show how to use this functi
Page 611 and 612:
attacks are a realistic threat, you
Page 613 and 614:
This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616:
Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618:
One very safe way to use a cryptogr
Page 619 and 620:
out Buffer into which the random da
Page 621 and 622:
1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
Page 625 and 626:
strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
Page 629 and 630:
nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
Page 633 and 634:
If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
Page 649 and 650:
See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
Page 655 and 656:
• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
Page 661 and 662:
f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
Page 663 and 664:
SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666:
} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
Page 667 and 668:
number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670:
} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672:
See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
Page 675 and 676:
Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678:
tecture-specific checks to determin
Page 679 and 680:
ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682:
• Detecting modification to a com
Page 683 and 684:
for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686:
#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688:
Solution Obfuscating compiled code
Page 689 and 690:
" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692:
Because library functions are loade
Page 693 and 694:
encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696:
12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698:
12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
Page 699 and 700:
12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
Page 701 and 702:
arrays. This array type will hide t
Page 703 and 704:
eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
Page 705 and 706:
The following example demonstrates
Page 707 and 708:
Discussion The techniques for hidin
Page 709 and 710:
12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
Page 711 and 712:
Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
Page 713 and 714:
12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715 and 716:
The int3 interface can also be used
Page 717 and 718:
To demonstrate the effect this macr
Page 719 and 720:
08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
Page 721 and 722:
ine the instruction making the refe
Page 723 and 724:
mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
Page 725 and 726:
eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
Page 727 and 728:
need to use one of the three ring3
Page 729 and 730:
cates failure, it’s likely that n
Page 731 and 732:
tion gets caught. The only ways to
Page 733 and 734:
memory location will generally stil
Page 735 and 736:
eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
Page 737 and 738:
The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740:
Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742:
Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744:
#endif } static int signal_was_caug
Page 745 and 746:
paper reached the widest audience,
Page 747 and 748:
The proper way to handle a program
Page 749 and 750:
handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752:
#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754:
#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756:
if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758:
Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
Page 759 and 760:
ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762:
Note that the structures as present
Page 763 and 764:
access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765:
ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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