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had three different valid root certificates for their “class 3” PKI, which was generally for server certificates. One of those has now expired, and another one will expire in 2004. Here we detail only a subset of certificates that are distributed with Internet Explorer for Windows. Certificates in this list may expire, in which case you should go directly to the CA or to some other trusted source. At the time of writing, any valid certificate signed by one of the CAs listed in Table 10-1 is likely to be signed by one of the associated certificates. Usually, you should not simply trust all root certificates. For example, email certificates (class 1) do not really offer a guarantee about who is on the other end. In addition, you will want to validate other information about certificates, even if the CA’s signature is valid (see Recipes 10.4 through 10.7). The “use” column in the table indicates the kind of certificate the root CA certificate uses to sign. Generally, certificates are intended for one of the following purposes: Secure email The CA is rarely validating anything other than the fact that the person with the private key associated with the certificate has access to the email address listed in the certificate. Such certificates are used in the S/MIME secure email standard. Client authentication The CA (or its subordinate) has done reasonable validation on the identity of the entity to which the certificate is issued. Server authentication Used primarily for electronic commerce over the Web. The CA or its subordinate has done validation on the identity of the entity to which the certificate is issued. Code signing Used for validating the vendor that produced mobile code. The CA or its subordinate has done validation on the identity of the entity to which the certificate is issued. Time stamping Used for proving the existence of data at a specific date and time. Table 10-1. CA certificates, their uses, expiration dates, and fingerprints CA Certificate Use Equifax Secure Certificate Authority 520 | Chapter 10: Public Key Infrastructure Secure email, server authentication, code signing Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 Secure email, server authentication, code signing Expires (GMT) MD5 fingerprint 2018-08-22 16:41:51 2020-06-21 04:00:00 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 67:CB:9D:C0:13:24:8A:82:9B: B2:17:1E:D1:1B:EC:D4 64:9C:EF:2E:44:FC:C6:8F:52: 07:D0:51:73:8F:CB:3D
Table 10-1. CA certificates, their uses, expiration dates, and fingerprints (continued) CA Certificate Use Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-2 Secure email, server authentication, code signing Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 RSA Data Security Secure email, server authentication, code signing 2019-06-23 12:14:45 2020-06-21 04:00:00 Secure Server Server authentication 2010-01-07 23:59:59 Thawte Server Code signing, server authentication TrustCenter Class 1 Secure email, server authentication TrustCenter Class 2 Secure email, server authentication TrustCenter Class 3 Secure email, server authentication TrustCenter Class 4 Secure email, server authentication UserTrust Network UserTrust Network UserTrust Network UserTrust Network UserTrust Network 2020-12-31 23:59:59 2011-01-01 11:59:59 2011-01-01 11:59:59 2011-01-01 11:59:59 2011-01-01 11:59:59 UTN-UserFirst-Object Code signing, time stamping 2019-07-09 18:40:36 UTN-UserFirst- Network Applications UTN-UserFirst- Hardware UTN-UserFirst-Client Authentication and Email Secure email, server authentication 2019-07-09 18:57:49 Server authentication 2019-07-09 18:19:22 Secure email 2019-07-09 17:36:58 UTN-DataCorp SGC Server authentication 2019-06-24 19:06:30 ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority Secure email, server authentication VeriSign Class 1 Public PCA Secure email, client authentication VeriSign Class 1 Public PCA Secure email, client authentication VeriSign Class 1 Public PCA (2nd Generation) VeriSign Class 1 Public PCA (2nd Generation) Secure email, client authentication Secure email, client authentication VeriSign Class 2 Public PCA Secure email, client authentication, code signing VeriSign Class 2 Public PCA Secure email, client authentication, code signing Expires (GMT) MD5 fingerprint 2019-06-25 22:23:48 2020-01-07 23:59:59 2028-01-08 23:59:59 2018-05-18 23:59:59 2028-08-01 23:59:59 2004-01-07 23:59:59 2028-08-01 23:59:59 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved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sing Root Certificates | 521
Page 3 and 4:
Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
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To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
Page 465 and 466:
Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
Page 471 and 472:
uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
Page 481 and 482:
BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
Page 495 and 496:
DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
Page 497 and 498: attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
Page 499 and 500: API for encryption and decryption,
Page 501 and 502: memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
Page 503 and 504: *outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
Page 505 and 506: so. Likewise, any process with the
Page 507 and 508: struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
Page 509 and 510: error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
Page 511 and 512: different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
Page 513 and 514: msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
Page 515 and 516: it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
Page 517 and 518: if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
Page 519 and 520: maintenance. Adding or removing ser
Page 521 and 522: ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524: #define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
Page 525 and 526: } static void spc_ssock_write( int
Page 527 and 528: while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
Page 529 and 530: In such cases, you need to be able
Page 531 and 532: Discussion One of the big motivator
Page 533 and 534: A digital certificate contains info
Page 535 and 536: Certificate revocation What happens
Page 537 and 538: cate as long as it still has its pr
Page 539 and 540: Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
Page 541 and 542: ple is the permissible uses for a c
Page 543 and 544: automated email to the address you
Page 545 and 546: The type of code-signing certificat
Page 547: 10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
Page 551 and 552: ights of the entity tied to that ce
Page 553 and 554: 10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
Page 555 and 556: sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
Page 557 and 558: X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560: CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
Page 561 and 562: HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
Page 563 and 564: See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566: SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
Page 567 and 568: verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
Page 569 and 570: int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
Page 571 and 572: for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
Page 573 and 574: only work you really need to do is
Page 575 and 576: digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
Page 577 and 578: if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
Page 579 and 580: "\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
Page 581 and 582: headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
Page 583 and 584: In this recipe, we have used a numb
Page 585 and 586: { "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
Page 587 and 588: LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590: lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
Page 591 and 592: of tunable variables that affect th
Page 593 and 594: SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
Page 595 and 596: * All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598: Solution There are essentially thre
Page 599 and 600:
the byte is even, he reduces the nu
Page 601 and 602:
See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606:
a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608:
if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
Page 609 and 610:
Here we show how to use this functi
Page 611 and 612:
attacks are a realistic threat, you
Page 613 and 614:
This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616:
Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618:
One very safe way to use a cryptogr
Page 619 and 620:
out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
Page 625 and 626:
strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
Page 629 and 630:
nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
Page 633 and 634:
If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
Page 649 and 650:
See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
Page 655 and 656:
• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
Page 661 and 662:
f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
Page 663 and 664:
SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666:
} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
Page 667 and 668:
number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670:
} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672:
See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
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Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
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tecture-specific checks to determin
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ure or to examine a hardware valida
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• Detecting modification to a com
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for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
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#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
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Solution Obfuscating compiled code
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" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
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Because library functions are loade
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encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
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12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
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12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
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12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
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arrays. This array type will hide t
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eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
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The following example demonstrates
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Discussion The techniques for hidin
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12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
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Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
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12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
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The int3 interface can also be used
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To demonstrate the effect this macr
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08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
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ine the instruction making the refe
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mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
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eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
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need to use one of the three ring3
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cates failure, it’s likely that n
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tion gets caught. The only ways to
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memory location will generally stil
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eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
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The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
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Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
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Do not share signal handlers. Sever
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#endif } static int signal_was_caug
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paper reached the widest audience,
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The proper way to handle a program
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handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
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#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
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#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
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if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
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Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
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ability to run. The default limits
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Note that the structures as present
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access to the machine. This makes i
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ing log entries. It is possible, ho
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attacks (continued) capture replay
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CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
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deriving symmetric keys from a pass
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EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
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integrity checking cipher modes, 16
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message digests (continued) desirab
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parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
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spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
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Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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