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if an algorithm turns out to be seriously broken, supporting multiple algorithms can make it easier for users to switch. However, the other school of thought points out that in reality, many users will never switch algorithms, even if one is broken. Moreover, by supporting multiple algorithms, you risk adding more complexity to your application, which can be detrimental. In addition, if there are multiple interoperating implementations of a protocol you’re creating, other developers often will implement only their own preferred algorithms, potentially leading to major interoperability problems. We personally prefer picking a single algorithm that will do a good enough job of meeting the needs of all users. That way, the application is simpler to comprehend, and there are no interoperability issues. If you choose well-regarded algorithms, the hope is that there won’t be a break that actually impacts end users. However, if there is such a break, you should make the algorithm easy to replace. Many cryptographic APIs, such as the OpenSSLEVP interface (discussed in Recipe 5.17), provide an interface to help out here. See Also Recipe 5.17 5.2 Figuring Out Which Encryption Algorithm Is Best <strong>Problem</strong> You need to figure out which encryption algorithm you should use. Solution Use something well regarded that fits your needs. We recommend AES for generalpurpose use. If you’re willing to go against the grain and are paranoid, you can use Serpent, which isn’t quite as fast as AES but is believed to have a much higher security margin. If you really feel that you need the fastest possible secure solution, consider the SNOW 2.0 stream cipher, which currently looks very good. It appears to have a much better security margin than the popular favorite, RC4, and is even faster. However, it is fairly new. If you’re highly risk-adverse, we recommend AES or Serpent. Although popular, RC4 would never be the best available choice. 156 | Chapter 5: Symmetric Encryption This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Discussion Be sure to read this discussion carefully, as well as other related discussions. While a strong encryption algorithm is a great foundation, there are many ways to use strong encryption primitives in an insecure way. There are two general types of ciphers: Block ciphers These work by encrypting a fixed-size chunk of data (a block). Data that isn’t aligned to the size of the block needs to be padded somehow. The same input always produces the same output. Stream ciphers These work by generating a stream of pseudo-random data, then using XOR * to combine the stream with the plaintext. There are many different ways of using block ciphers; these are called block cipher modes. Selecting a mode and using it properly is important to security. Many block cipher modes are designed to produce a result that acts just like a stream cipher. Each block cipher mode has its advantages and drawbacks. See Recipe 5.4 for information on selecting a mode. Stream ciphers generally are used as designed. You don’t hear people talking about stream cipher modes. This class of ciphers can be made to act as block ciphers, but that generally destroys their best property (their speed), so they are typically not used that way. We recommend the use of only those ciphers that have been studied by the cryptographic community and are held in wide regard. There are a large number of symmetric encryption algorithms. However, unless you need a particular algorithm for the sake of interoperability or standards, we recommend using one of a very small number of well-regarded algorithms. AES, the Advanced Encryption Standard, is a great general-purpose block cipher. It is among the fastest block ciphers, is extremely well studied, and is believed to provide a high level of security. It can also use key lengths up to 256 bits. AES has recently replaced Triple-DES (3DES), a variant of the original Data Encryption Standard (DES), as the block cipher of choice, partially because of its status as a U.S. government standard, and partially because of its widespread endorsement by leading cryptographers. However, Triple-DES is still considered a very secure alternative to AES. In fact, in some ways it is a more conservative solution, because it has been studied for many more years than has AES, and because AES is based on a rela- * Or some other in-group operation, such as modular addition. Figuring Out Which Encryption Algorithm Is Best | 157 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
Page 133 and 134: * These are HTML tags that do not t
Page 135 and 136: *ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
Page 137 and 138: Finally, if you are using the LIKE
Page 139 and 140: Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
Page 141 and 142: the connections to the server. The
Page 143 and 144: SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
Page 145 and 146: To ensure that you choose the right
Page 147 and 148: See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
Page 149 and 150: This function takes the following a
Page 151 and 152: } break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
Page 153 and 154: *p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
Page 155 and 156: } return result; case -1: if (stric
Page 157 and 158: #define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
Page 159 and 160: Discussion This function spc_words2
Page 161 and 162: 4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
Page 163 and 164: the lifetime of the key; the counte
Page 165 and 166: #include #include #include #incl
Page 167 and 168: #include #include /* This value n
Page 169 and 170: } CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
Page 171 and 172: cryptographic one-way hash from a t
Page 173 and 174: HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
Page 175 and 176: database does not support binary st
Page 177 and 178: Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
Page 179 and 180: For many different reasons, it can
Page 181 and 182: A more portable but less accurate w
Page 183: Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
Page 187 and 188: Pentium III, which should give a go
Page 189 and 190: locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
Page 191 and 192: can arise. For general-purpose use,
Page 193 and 194: or similar mechanism is used. As wi
Page 195 and 196: shares many properties with CTR mod
Page 197 and 198: case, the faster of the two algorit
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Page 201 and 202: work, which severely limits portabi
Page 203 and 204: Table 5-4. Implementations for the
Page 205 and 206: Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
Page 207 and 208: typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
Page 209 and 210: If you are using padding and you kn
Page 211 and 212: This function has the following arg
Page 213 and 214: if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
Page 215 and 216: that the state function is always r
Page 217 and 218: Note that this code depends on the
Page 219 and 220: if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
Page 221 and 222: one block at a time, by encrypting
Page 223 and 224: spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
Page 225 and 226: 5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
Page 227 and 228: These two functions also erase the
Page 229 and 230: we ignore that because it will alwa
Page 231 and 232: Once those bindings are made, the Z
Page 233 and 234: output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
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Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
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uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
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BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
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DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
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attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
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API for encryption and decryption,
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memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
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*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
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struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
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error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
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ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524:
#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
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} static void spc_ssock_write( int
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while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
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In such cases, you need to be able
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Discussion One of the big motivator
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A digital certificate contains info
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Certificate revocation What happens
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cate as long as it still has its pr
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Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
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automated email to the address you
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The type of code-signing certificat
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10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
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Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
Page 551 and 552:
ights of the entity tied to that ce
Page 553 and 554:
10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
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sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
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X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
Page 561 and 562:
HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
Page 563 and 564:
See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566:
SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
Page 567 and 568:
verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
Page 569 and 570:
int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
Page 571 and 572:
for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
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only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
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if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
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headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
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In this recipe, we have used a numb
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{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
Page 587 and 588:
LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590:
lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
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of tunable variables that affect th
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SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
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* All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598:
Solution There are essentially thre
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the byte is even, he reduces the nu
Page 601 and 602:
See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606:
a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608:
if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
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Here we show how to use this functi
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attacks are a realistic threat, you
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This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616:
Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618:
One very safe way to use a cryptogr
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out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
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strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
Page 629 and 630:
nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
Page 633 and 634:
If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
Page 649 and 650:
See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
Page 655 and 656:
• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
Page 661 and 662:
f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
Page 663 and 664:
SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666:
} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
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number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670:
} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672:
See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
Page 675 and 676:
Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678:
tecture-specific checks to determin
Page 679 and 680:
ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682:
• Detecting modification to a com
Page 683 and 684:
for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686:
#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688:
Solution Obfuscating compiled code
Page 689 and 690:
" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692:
Because library functions are loade
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encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696:
12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698:
12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
Page 699 and 700:
12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
Page 701 and 702:
arrays. This array type will hide t
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eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
Page 705 and 706:
The following example demonstrates
Page 707 and 708:
Discussion The techniques for hidin
Page 709 and 710:
12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
Page 711 and 712:
Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
Page 713 and 714:
12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715 and 716:
The int3 interface can also be used
Page 717 and 718:
To demonstrate the effect this macr
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08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
Page 721 and 722:
ine the instruction making the refe
Page 723 and 724:
mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
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eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
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need to use one of the three ring3
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cates failure, it’s likely that n
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tion gets caught. The only ways to
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memory location will generally stil
Page 735 and 736:
eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
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The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740:
Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742:
Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744:
#endif } static int signal_was_caug
Page 745 and 746:
paper reached the widest audience,
Page 747 and 748:
The proper way to handle a program
Page 749 and 750:
handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752:
#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754:
#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756:
if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758:
Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
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ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762:
Note that the structures as present
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access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765:
ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
show all

Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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