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RestrictedSidCount Number of elements in the list SidsToRestrict. May be specified as 0 if there are no restricted SIDs to be added. SidsToRestrict List of SIDs to restrict. If the existing token is a restricted token that already has restricted SIDs, the resulting token will have a list of restricted SIDs that is the intersection of the existing token’s list and this list. May be specified as NULL if no restricted SIDs are to be added to the new token. NewTokenHandle Pointer to a HANDLE that will receive the handle to the newly created token. The function OpenProcessToken( ) will obtain a handle to the process’s primary token, while OpenThreadToken( ) will obtain a handle to the calling thread’s impersonation token. Both functions have a similar signature, though their arguments are treated slightly differently: BOOL OpenProcessToken(HANDLE hProcess, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, PHANDLE phToken); BOOL OpenThreadToken(HANDLE hThread, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, BOOL bOpenAsSelf, PHANDLE phToken); This function has the following arguments: hProcess Handle to the current process, which is normally obtained via a call to GetCurrentProcess( ). hThread Handle to the current thread, which is normally obtained via a call to GetCurrentThread( ). dwDesiredAccess Bit mask of the types of access desired for the returned token handle. For creating restricted tokens, this must always include TOKEN_DUPLICATE. If the restricted token being created will be used as a primary token for a new process, you must include TOKEN_ASSIGN_PRIMARY; otherwise, if the restricted token that will be created will be used as an impersonation token for the thread, you must include TOKEN_IMPERSONATE. bOpenAsSelf Boolean flag that determines how the access check for retrieving the thread’s token is performed. If specified as FALSE, the access check uses the calling thread’s permissions. If specified as TRUE, the access check uses the calling process’s permissions. phToken Pointer to a HANDLE that will receive the handle to the process’s primary token or the thread’s impersonation token, depending on whether you’re calling OpenProcessToken( ) or OpenThreadToken( ). 10 | Chapter 1: Safe Initialization This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Creating a new process with a restricted token is done by calling CreateProcessAsUser( ), which works just as CreateProcess( ) does (see Recipe 1.8) except that it requires a token to be used as the new process’s primary token. Normally, CreateProcessAsUser( ) requires that the active token have the SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege privilege, but if a restricted token is used, that privilege is not required. The following pseudo-code demonstrates the steps required to create a new process with a restricted primary token: HANDLE hProcessToken, hRestrictedToken; /* First get a handle to the current process's primary token */ OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess( ), TOKEN_DUPLICATE | TOKEN_ASSIGN_PRIMARY, &hProcessToken); /* Create a restricted token with all privileges removed */ CreateRestrictedToken(hProcessToken, DISABLE_MAX_PRIVILEGE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, &hRestrictedToken); /* Create a new process using the restricted token */ CreateProcessAsUser(hRestrictedToken, ...); /* Cleanup */ CloseHandle(hRestrictedToken); CloseHandle(hProcessToken); Setting a thread’s impersonation token requires a bit more work. Unless the calling thread is impersonating, calling OpenThreadToken( ) will result in an error because the thread does not have an impersonation token and thus is using the process’s primary token. Likewise, calling SetThreadToken( ) unless impersonating will also fail because a thread cannot have an impersonation token if it’s not impersonating. If you want to restrict a thread’s access rights temporarily, the easiest solution to the problem is to force the thread to impersonate itself. When impersonation begins, the thread is assigned an impersonation token, which can then be obtained via OpenThreadToken( ). A restricted token can be created from the impersonation token, and the thread’s impersonation token can then be replaced with the new restricted token by calling SetThreadToken( ). The following pseudo-code demonstrates the steps required to replace a thread’s impersonation token with a restricted one: HANDLE hRestrictedToken, hThread, hThreadToken; /* First begin impersonation */ ImpersonateSelf(SecurityImpersonation); /* Get a handle to the current thread's impersonation token */ hThread = GetCurrentThread( ); OpenThreadToken(hThread, TOKEN_DUPLICATE | TOKEN_IMPERSONATE, TRUE, &hThreadToken); Restricting Privileges on Windows | 11 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Page 3 and 4: Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
Page 5 and 6: Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
Page 9 and 10: 5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
Page 11 and 12: 8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
Page 13: 12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
Page 16 and 17: they are in the top 50% of safe dri
Page 18 and 19: think you are in, you will probably
Page 20 and 21: the C programming language, with so
Page 22 and 23: igger risks than anticipated. You s
Page 24 and 25: Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
Page 26 and 27: The O’Reilly web site for the boo
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
Page 31 and 32: using the code in this recipe on Wi
Page 33 and 34: variables you preserve, be sure to
Page 35 and 36: ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
Page 37: an impersonation token for a thread
Page 41 and 42: array that is the Privileges field.
Page 43 and 44: eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
Page 45 and 46: privileges. We strongly advise agai
Page 47 and 48: #include #include #include #incl
Page 49 and 50: sockets provide a means by which fi
Page 51 and 52: The privman library provides a numb
Page 53 and 54: The potential for security vulnerab
Page 55 and 56: It’s important to remember that t
Page 57 and 58: Discussion execve( ) is the system
Page 59 and 60: should call pclose( ) to clean up t
Page 61 and 62: dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
Page 63 and 64: lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
Page 65 and 66: #include #include #include void
Page 67 and 68: and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
Page 69 and 70: See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
Page 71 and 72: of the object, regardless of what t
Page 73 and 74: There are many other situations whe
Page 75 and 76: if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
Page 77 and 78: spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
Page 79 and 80: if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
Page 81 and 82: CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
Page 83 and 84: 2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
Page 85 and 86: eset the umask between your adjustm
Page 87 and 88: Locking files on Windows Where Unix
Page 89 and 90:
NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
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To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
Page 187 and 188:
Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
Page 217 and 218:
Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
Page 247 and 248:
techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
Page 327 and 328:
modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
Page 335 and 336:
Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
Page 357 and 358:
BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
Page 363 and 364:
The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
Page 377 and 378:
h_ret Optional argument that, if no
Page 379 and 380:
siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
Page 403 and 404:
The group structure that is returne
Page 405 and 406:
found, NULL will be returned, and G
Page 407 and 408:
ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
Page 431 and 432:
On systems that support MCF through
Page 433 and 434:
for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
Page 435 and 436:
CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
Page 437 and 438:
Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
Page 439 and 440:
Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
Page 457 and 458:
With a valid socket descriptor in h
Page 459 and 460:
11. The client and the server compu
Page 461 and 462:
Some people like to use a fixed mod
Page 463 and 464:
Often, you’ll want to generate a
Page 465 and 466:
Discussion Remember, authentication
Page 467 and 468:
• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
Page 471 and 472:
uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
Page 475 and 476:
When using RSA, if you’re doing o
Page 477 and 478:
see the confirmation request and th
Page 479 and 480:
Upon receipt of a response to a con
Page 481 and 482:
BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
Page 483 and 484:
Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
Page 485 and 486:
if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
Page 487 and 488:
The next step is to call spc_accept
Page 489 and 490:
Discussion Session caching is norma
Page 491 and 492:
if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
Page 493 and 494:
The next step is to connect to the
Page 495 and 496:
DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
Page 497 and 498:
attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
Page 499 and 500:
API for encryption and decryption,
Page 501 and 502:
memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
Page 503 and 504:
*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
Page 505 and 506:
so. Likewise, any process with the
Page 507 and 508:
struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
Page 509 and 510:
error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
Page 515 and 516:
it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
Page 521 and 522:
ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
Page 523 and 524:
#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
Page 525 and 526:
} static void spc_ssock_write( int
Page 527 and 528:
while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
Page 529 and 530:
In such cases, you need to be able
Page 531 and 532:
Discussion One of the big motivator
Page 533 and 534:
A digital certificate contains info
Page 535 and 536:
Certificate revocation What happens
Page 537 and 538:
cate as long as it still has its pr
Page 539 and 540:
Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
Page 543 and 544:
automated email to the address you
Page 545 and 546:
The type of code-signing certificat
Page 547 and 548:
10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
Page 549 and 550:
Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
Page 551 and 552:
ights of the entity tied to that ce
Page 553 and 554:
10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
Page 555 and 556:
sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
Page 557 and 558:
X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
Page 561 and 562:
HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
Page 563 and 564:
See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
Page 565 and 566:
SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
Page 567 and 568:
verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
Page 569 and 570:
int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
Page 571 and 572:
for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
Page 573 and 574:
only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
Page 577 and 578:
if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
Page 581 and 582:
headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
Page 583 and 584:
In this recipe, we have used a numb
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{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
Page 587 and 588:
LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590:
lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
Page 591 and 592:
of tunable variables that affect th
Page 593 and 594:
SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
Page 595 and 596:
* All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598:
Solution There are essentially thre
Page 599 and 600:
the byte is even, he reduces the nu
Page 601 and 602:
See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606:
a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608:
if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
Page 609 and 610:
Here we show how to use this functi
Page 611 and 612:
attacks are a realistic threat, you
Page 613 and 614:
This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616:
Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618:
One very safe way to use a cryptogr
Page 619 and 620:
out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
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strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
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nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
Page 633 and 634:
If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
Page 649 and 650:
See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
Page 655 and 656:
• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
Page 661 and 662:
f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
Page 663 and 664:
SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666:
} } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
Page 667 and 668:
number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670:
} return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672:
See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674:
Discussion We strongly recommend th
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Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678:
tecture-specific checks to determin
Page 679 and 680:
ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682:
• Detecting modification to a com
Page 683 and 684:
for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686:
#include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688:
Solution Obfuscating compiled code
Page 689 and 690:
" movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692:
Because library functions are loade
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encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696:
12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698:
12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
Page 699 and 700:
12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
Page 701 and 702:
arrays. This array type will hide t
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eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
Page 705 and 706:
The following example demonstrates
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Discussion The techniques for hidin
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12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
Page 711 and 712:
Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
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12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715 and 716:
The int3 interface can also be used
Page 717 and 718:
To demonstrate the effect this macr
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08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
Page 721 and 722:
ine the instruction making the refe
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mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
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eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
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need to use one of the three ring3
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cates failure, it’s likely that n
Page 731 and 732:
tion gets caught. The only ways to
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memory location will generally stil
Page 735 and 736:
eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
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The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740:
Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742:
Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744:
#endif } static int signal_was_caug
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paper reached the widest audience,
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The proper way to handle a program
Page 749 and 750:
handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752:
#ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754:
#define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756:
if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758:
Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
Page 759 and 760:
ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762:
Note that the structures as present
Page 763 and 764:
access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765:
ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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Problem - Kevin Tafuro

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