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• “Anti-Debugging Tricks” by CrackZ: http://mail.hep.by/mirror/wco/T99/ Antidbug.htm • “Win32 Anti-Debugging Tricks” by Billy Belcebu: http://library.succurit.com/ virus/ANTIDEBG.TXT • “Anti-debugging in Win32” by Lord Julus: http://vx.netlux.org/texts/html/lj_ vx03.html • “The IceDump project”: http://ghiribizzo.virtualave.net/icedump/icedump.html 12.16 Countering Disassembly <strong>Problem</strong> An object file disassembler can produce an assembly language version of a binary, which can then be used to understand and possibly modify the binary. Solution Anti-disassembly tricks are useful in frustrating automatic analysis, but they generally will not hold up to a human review of the disassembly. Make sure to combine the methods presented in the discussion with data or code obfuscation techniques. Discussion Many disassemblers assume that long runs of NULL bytes are data, although some will continue to disassemble regardless. In the Intel instruction set, 0x00 is the opcode for add al, [eax]—a valid instruction. The following macros use NULL bytes to increment the eax register by pushing eax, loading the address of the pushed value into eax, and executing add al, [eax] instructions as many times as the user specifies. #define NULLPAD_START asm volatile ( \ "pushl %eax \n" \ "movl %esp, %eax\n") #define NULLPAD asm volatile ("addb %al, (%eax)\n") #define NULLPAD_END asm volatile ("popl %eax\n") #define NULLPAD_10 NULLPAD_START; \ NULLPAD; NULLPAD; NULLPAD; NULLPAD; NULLPAD; \ NULLPAD_END This is particularly effective if the value referenced by eax—that is, the value at the top of the stack—is used later in the program. Note that many disassemblers that ignore runs of NULL bytes allow the user to override this behavior. 688 | Chapter 12: Anti-Tampering This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
To demonstrate the effect this macro has on disassemblers, the following source code was compiled and disassembled: void my_func(void) { int x; NULLPAD_10; for (x = 0; x < 10; x++) printf("%x\n", x); } DataRescue’s IDA Pro disassembler creates a code/data boundary at the start of the NULL bytes, and completely ignores the instructions that follow: 08048374 my_func: 08048374 55 push ebp 08048375 89 E5 mov ebp, esp 08048377 83 EC 08 sub esp, 8 0804837A 50 push eax 0804837B 89 E0 mov eax, esp 0804837B ; ------------------------------------------------------------------ 0804837D 00 db 0 ; 0804837E 00 db 0 ; 0804837F 00 db 0 ; 08048380 00 db 0 ; 08048381 00 db 0 ; 08048382 00 db 0 ; 08048383 00 db 0 ; 08048384 00 db 0 ; 08048385 00 db 0 ; 08048386 00 db 0 ; 08048387 58 db 58h ; X 08048388 C7 db 0C7h ; + 08048389 45 db 45h ; E 0804838A FC db 0FCh ; n 0804838B 00 db 0 ; 0804838C 00 db 0 ; 0804838D 00 db 0 ; The GNU objdump utility ignores the NULL bytes, though the rest of the disassembly was not affected: 08048374 : 8048374: 55 push %ebp 8048375: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 8048377: 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%esp 804837a: 50 push %eax 804837b: 89 e0 mov %esp,%eax ... 8048385: 00 00 add %al,(%eax) 8048387: 58 pop %eax 8048388: c7 45 fc 00 00 00 00 movl $0x0,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 804838f: 83 7d fc 09 cmpl $0x9,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 8048393: 7e 02 jle 8048397 8048395: eb 1a jmp 80483b1 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Countering Disassembly | 689
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Secure Programming Cookbook ΤΜ fo
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Secure Programming CookbookΤΜ for
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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5.8 Using a Generic OFB Mode Implem
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8.10 Performing Password-Based Auth
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12.10 Restructuring Arrays 672 12.1
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they are in the top 50% of safe dri
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think you are in, you will probably
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the C programming language, with so
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igger risks than anticipated. You s
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Recipe Compatibility Most of the re
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The O’Reilly web site for the boo
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Safe Initializa
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using the code in this recipe on Wi
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variables you preserve, be sure to
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ptr = (char *)new_environ + (arr_si
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an impersonation token for a thread
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Creating a new process with a restr
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array that is the Privileges field.
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eturn 0; } if (!LookupAccountName(0
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privileges. We strongly advise agai
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#include #include #include #incl
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sockets provide a means by which fi
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The privman library provides a numb
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The potential for security vulnerab
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It’s important to remember that t
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Discussion execve( ) is the system
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should call pclose( ) to clean up t
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dup2(stdout_pipe[1], 1); close(stdo
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lpCommandLine Any command-line argu
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#include #include #include void
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and a saved user ID. * The effectiv
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See Also Recipes 1.3, 1.4, 2.8 2.2
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of the object, regardless of what t
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There are many other situations whe
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if (!(fd = opendir("."))) break; if
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spc_file_wipe( ) A wrapper around t
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if (pattern_pass(fd, buf, sizeof(bu
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CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
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2.7 Restricting Access Permissions
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eset the umask between your adjustm
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Locking files on Windows Where Unix
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NFS older than Version 3 in particu
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a loop until all the data is read.
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if (!(hResourceLock = CreateMutex(0
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generator. The code presented here
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access to the filesystem, the poten
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Input Validatio
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components of the system are truste
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try to use them. For example, what
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To combat malicious uses of “%n
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Discussion Buffer overflows get a l
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Unfortunately, strlcpy( ) and strlc
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The second problem area occurs when
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(see Recipe 3.2). The format-string
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safestr_release( ) or safestr_free(
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Solution Unfortunately, integer coe
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which the records begin. Generally,
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pointer or a different value altoge
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if (!(new_environ = (char **)malloc
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if (spc_environ) free(environ); env
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GetFullPathName( ) requires the len
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if (*c != '%' || !isxdigit(c[1]) ||
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3.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scriptin
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* These are HTML tags that do not t
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*ptr++ = *c; } while (*++c != ’>
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Finally, if you are using the LIKE
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Table 3-2. UTF-8 encoding byte sequ
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the connections to the server. The
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SPC_FD_SET read_mask; for (;;) { sp
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To ensure that you choose the right
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See Also Recipe 13.2 4.2 Generating
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This function takes the following a
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} break; default: if (isspace(p[0])
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*p = 0; return output; } } } The pu
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} return result; case -1: if (stric
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#define MAX_WORDLEN 4 /* len parame
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Discussion This function spc_words2
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4.9 Using Salts, Nonces, and Initia
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the lifetime of the key; the counte
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include /* This value n
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} CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, hK
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cryptographic one-way hash from a t
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HMAC_CTX c; unsigned long ctr = 0,
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database does not support binary st
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Remember to use a MAC anytime you e
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For many different reasons, it can
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A more portable but less accurate w
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Symmetric Encry
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Discussion Be sure to read this dis
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Pentium III, which should give a go
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locations where 40-bit keys or 56-b
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can arise. For general-purpose use,
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or similar mechanism is used. As wi
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shares many properties with CTR mod
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case, the faster of the two algorit
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parison to standard modes. As of th
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work, which severely limits portabi
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Table 5-4. Implementations for the
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Plaintext block 1 Plaintext block 2
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typedef struct { SPC_KEY_SCHED ks;
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If you are using padding and you kn
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This function has the following arg
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if (ol) *ol = out - start; return 1
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that the state function is always r
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Note that this code depends on the
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if (!il--) return 1; ctx->nonce[ctx
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one block at a time, by encrypting
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spc_memset(key,0, kl); memcpy(ctx->
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5.9 Using a Generic CTR Mode Implem
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These two functions also erase the
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we ignore that because it will alwa
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Once those bindings are made, the Z
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output Buffer into which the plaint
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eturn the number of valid bytes in
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In CBC, CFB, and OFB modes, encrypt
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void spc_pctr_do_odd(SPC_CTR2_CTX *
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5.15 Performing File or Disk Encryp
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Therefore, we’ll show you LION, b
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} RC4_set_key(&k, HASH_SZ, (char *)
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techniques from Chapter 8), the key
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communicate asynchronously (that is
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key Pointer to the encryption key t
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Table 5-6. Cipher instantiation ref
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While RC2, RC4, and RC5 support abs
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The function EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl( )
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Discussion As a reminder, use a raw
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ol = 0; if (!(ret = (char *)malloc(
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The “official” RC4 key setup fu
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Discussion One-time pads are provab
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Once a provider context has been su
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Table 5-8. Symmetric ciphers suppor
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hKey Key to use for performing the
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if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider
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exportable from key objects, but th
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 Hashes and Mess
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Generally, you should prefer an enc
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See Also Recipes 6.7, 6.8, 6.12 6.2
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Noncorrelation It should also be co
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Let’s look briefly at the pros an
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Solution In most cases, instead of
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MAC (which we recommend), we strong
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Libraries with cryptographic hash f
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#include int main(int argc, char *
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See Also Implementations of SHA-256
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CryptAcquireContext(&hProvider, 0,
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To ensure the best security, we str
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if (!(vfy = (unsigned char *)malloc
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you might use a library such as Ope
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Otherwise, you can use the HMAC imp
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if (klen inner[i] ^= key[i]; ctx->o
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OMAC has been explicitly specified
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unsigned char c1[SPC_BLOCK_SZ]; /*
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ing the all-zero data block. Each p
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CMAC is the message-integrity compo
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To postprocess, we encrypt the hash
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6.15 Constructing a Hash Function f
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unsigned char b[SPC_KEY_SZ]; size_t
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Figure 6-2. The Mayas-Meyer-Oseas c
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c->ix = 0; c->tl = 0; } static void
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modes such as CWC and CCM are start
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authentication in a straightforward
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SPC_HMAC_Reset(&ctx); SPC_HMAC_Upda
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divide up the data stream between t
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Public Key Cryp
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The code presented in this chapter
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Because public key encryption is so
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Solution There’s some debate on t
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7.4 Manipulating Big Numbers Proble
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There’s a similar function for as
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Additionally, you can ask for a ran
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In addition, you might wish to test
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Table 7-2. Math operations supporte
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313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353,
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for (b = 0; !BN_is_odd(x); b++) BN_
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BIGNUM *dP, *dQ, *qInv; } RSA_PRIVA
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This would map to the hexadecimal v
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compute d. Without those two primes
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The constants that may be used to s
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When using OpenSSL, decryption can
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ecommend using it, unless you are c
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ture is valid. A successful check w
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et = RSA_verify(NID_sha1, hash, 20,
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#define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) :
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memcpy(signedtext, decrypt, 16); if
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h_ret Optional argument that, if no
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siglen The number of bytes written
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data ready to go into the certifica
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ut it requires you to pass in the l
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LjKQ2r1Yt9foxbHdLKZeClqZuzN7PoEmy+b
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ing in data, pass in a pointer to a
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Table 7-6 lists the FILE object-bas
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Solution The correct method depends
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Use across applications For some pe
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key agreement protocol, where both
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consider slightly more sophisticate
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Kerberos does assume that the envir
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The function used to look up user i
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The group structure that is returne
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found, NULL will be returned, and G
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ReferencedDomainName = (LPTSTR)Loca
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if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGA
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if (!(spc_host_rulecount % 256)) {
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} else { if (inet_addr(tmp) = = INA
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8.5 Generating Random Passwords and
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for this list is not insignificant.
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file, it may allocate a sizable amo
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On Windows, you can use the standar
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Once getpass( ) or readpassphrase(
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ters typed by the user. Instead, th
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compute the future time at which th
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decrypt the encrypted data. To make
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On systems that support MCF through
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for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { MD5_In
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CryptHashData(hHash1, lpszKey, dwKe
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Solution Use the PBKDF2 method of c
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Verifying a password encrypted usin
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c Pointer to an integer that will r
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each of these pieces of information
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server-side part of the authenticat
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8.14 Authenticating with HTTP Cooki
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char *spc_cookie_encode(char *cooki
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• Let the salt be public, in whic
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extra Additional application-specif
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xl Pointer into which the length of
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With a valid socket descriptor in h
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11. The client and the server compu
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Some people like to use a fixed mod
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Often, you’ll want to generate a
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Discussion Remember, authentication
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• Provide the user with some way
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if (!fgets(answer, sizeof(answer),
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uffer = (char *)realloc(buffer, buf
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compromise. If our system has such
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When using RSA, if you’re doing o
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see the confirmation request and th
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Upon receipt of a response to a con
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BOOL SpcConfirmationCreate(LPCTSTR
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Additionally, over time, SSPI-speci
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if (!spc_verify_cert_hostname(SSL_g
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The next step is to call spc_accept
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Discussion Session caching is norma
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if (BIO_do_connect(conn)
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The next step is to connect to the
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DWORD dwHeadersLength = 0; LPSTR lp
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attempt to develop and debug SSL-en
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API for encryption and decryption,
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memcpy(in_data.data, inbuf, inlen);
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*outlen = out_data.length - (blksz
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so. Likewise, any process with the
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struct sockaddr_un *addr_unix; *dom
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error_exit: if (sock) spc_socket_cl
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different ways. On FreeBSD systems,
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msg.msg_iov->iov_base = (void *)&sy
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it’s unique and unpredictable! Yo
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if (mysql_real_connect(mysql, host,
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maintenance. Adding or removing ser
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ut they shouldn’t tolerate reorde
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#define SPC_CLIENT_DISTINGUISHER 0x
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} static void spc_ssock_write( int
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while (mlen) { if ((r = read(fd, ms
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In such cases, you need to be able
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Discussion One of the big motivator
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A digital certificate contains info
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Certificate revocation What happens
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cate as long as it still has its pr
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Currently, OCSP is not nearly as wi
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ple is the permissible uses for a c
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automated email to the address you
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The type of code-signing certificat
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10.3 Using Root Certificates Proble
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Table 10-1. CA certificates, their
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ights of the entity tied to that ce
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10.5 Performing X.509 Certificate V
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sk_X509_free(spc_store->crls); sk_X
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X509_LOOKUP *lookup; store = X509_S
Page 559 and 560:
CertGetIssuerCertificateFromStore(
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HCERTSTORE hCertStore; PCCERT_CONTE
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See Also Recipe 10.11 10.7 Verifyin
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SPC_X509STORE_SSL_VERIFY_NONE This
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verify_flags |= SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_
Page 569 and 570:
int spc_verify_cert_hostname(X509 *
Page 571 and 572:
for (i = 0; !bResult && i < pNameIn
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only work you really need to do is
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digest = EVP_sha1( ); fingerprint_l
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if (cert && (uri = get_distribution
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"\xb3\x9c\x25\xb1\xc3\x2e\x32\x53\x
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headerlen -= (*datalen + 2); if (*d
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In this recipe, we have used a numb
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{ "\x8d\x26\xff\x2f\x31\x6d\x59x\29
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LocalFree(pvStructInfo); return 0;
Page 589 and 590:
lpFullBuffer = lpNewBuffer; lpBuffe
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of tunable variables that affect th
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SPC_OCSPRESULT_CERTIFICATE_VALID =
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* All done. Set the return code bas
Page 597 and 598:
Solution There are essentially thre
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the byte is even, he reduces the nu
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See Also Recipes 11.16, 11.18, 11.1
Page 603 and 604:
11.3 Using the Standard Unix Random
Page 605 and 606:
a pointer to data. Instead, they re
Page 607 and 608:
if (errno = = EINTR) continue; perr
Page 609 and 610:
Here we show how to use this functi
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attacks are a realistic threat, you
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This function never fails (save for
Page 615 and 616:
Using a stream cipher as a generato
Page 617 and 618:
One very safe way to use a cryptogr
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out Buffer into which the random da
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1. Figure out how big a seed you ne
Page 623 and 624:
0x00 Query the amount of entropy be
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strncpy(a.sun_path, EGD_SOCKET_PATH
Page 627 and 628:
} } while (nb = = -1); } } } See Al
Page 629 and 630:
nbytes Number of bytes of entropy t
Page 631 and 632:
See Also • EGADS by Secure Softwa
Page 633 and 634:
If the generator is not seeded with
Page 635 and 636:
Discussion In all cases, you will s
Page 637 and 638:
Solution Because of the way that fl
Page 639 and 640:
double spc_rand_cunifvariate(double
Page 641 and 642:
See Also Recipe 11.11 11.16 Compres
Page 643 and 644:
It would be nice if you did not hav
Page 645 and 646:
For this reason, we think the full
Page 647 and 648:
} int cur_val, i, j, runsz; unsigne
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See Also • NIST Cryptographic Mod
Page 651 and 652:
ecause even if a source does fail c
Page 653 and 654:
you use a seed file, you can just c
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• If you have to accept data from
Page 657 and 658:
with a high-resolution clock (i.e.,
Page 659 and 660:
Collecting entropy from the keyboar
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f[c + 2] = '>'; } else snprintf(bf,
Page 663 and 664:
SpcGatherKeyboardEntropy( ) uses th
Page 665 and 666: } } if (hWndParent) EnableWindow(hW
Page 667 and 668: number of bits of entropy has been
Page 669 and 670: } return TRUE; pDlgData->cbRequeste
Page 671 and 672: See Also Recipes 11.19, 11.20 11.22
Page 673 and 674: Discussion We strongly recommend th
Page 675 and 676: Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Anti-Tamperin
Page 677 and 678: tecture-specific checks to determin
Page 679 and 680: ure or to examine a hardware valida
Page 681 and 682: • Detecting modification to a com
Page 683 and 684: for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) { if (crc &
Page 685 and 686: #include CRC_START_BLOCK(test) int
Page 687 and 688: Solution Obfuscating compiled code
Page 689 and 690: " movl 0f( , %%ebx ), %%eax \n\t" \
Page 691 and 692: Because library functions are loade
Page 693 and 694: encoded as a series of 32 Obcode bi
Page 695 and 696: 12.5 Performing Constant Transforms
Page 697 and 698: 12.7 Splitting Variables Problem La
Page 699 and 700: 12.9 Using Function Pointers Proble
Page 701 and 702: arrays. This array type will hide t
Page 703 and 704: eak; case SPC_ARRAY_FOLD: index = (
Page 705 and 706: The following example demonstrates
Page 707 and 708: Discussion The techniques for hidin
Page 709 and 710: 12.12 Detecting Debuggers Problem S
Page 711 and 712: Discussion The spc_trap_detect( ) f
Page 713 and 714: 12.14 Detecting Windows Debuggers P
Page 715: The int3 interface can also be used
Page 719 and 720: 08048388 83 db 83h ; â 08048389 7D
Page 721 and 722: ine the instruction making the refe
Page 723 and 724: mprotect(buf, buf_len, PROT_READ |
Page 725 and 726: eturn 4; } /* get entry point : her
Page 727 and 728: need to use one of the three ring3
Page 729 and 730: cates failure, it’s likely that n
Page 731 and 732: tion gets caught. The only ways to
Page 733 and 734: memory location will generally stil
Page 735 and 736: eturn dst; } volatile void *spc_mem
Page 737 and 738: The mlock( ) system call on Unix im
Page 739 and 740: Discussion Both C and C++ allow the
Page 741 and 742: Do not share signal handlers. Sever
Page 743 and 744: #endif } static int signal_was_caug
Page 745 and 746: paper reached the widest audience,
Page 747 and 748: The proper way to handle a program
Page 749 and 750: handles[0] = cond; handles[1] = mut
Page 751 and 752: #ifndef WIN32 pool->tids = (pthread
Page 753 and 754: #define SPC_ACQUIRE_MUTEX(mtx) pthr
Page 755 and 756: if (socketpool_limit > 0 && socketp
Page 757 and 758: Table 13-1. Resources that may be l
Page 759 and 760: ability to run. The default limits
Page 761 and 762: Note that the structures as present
Page 763 and 764: access to the machine. This makes i
Page 765: ing log entries. It is possible, ho
Page 768 and 769:
attacks (continued) capture replay
Page 770 and 771:
CFB (Cipher Feedback) mode, 167, 18
Page 772 and 773:
deriving symmetric keys from a pass
Page 774 and 775:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding( ), 227
Page 776 and 777:
integrity checking cipher modes, 16
Page 778 and 779:
message digests (continued) desirab
Page 780 and 781:
parallelizing MACs, 304 parent and
Page 782 and 783:
RAND_bytes( ), 604 RAND_load_file(
Page 784 and 785:
session ID context, 461 session IDs
Page 786 and 787:
spc_gather_keyboard_entropy( ), 631
Page 788 and 789:
symmetric cryptography, 116-154 alg
Page 790 and 791:
Windows (continued) Win 2000, restr
Page 792:
oads. They will often travel up to
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