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Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition 1730 SCREW THREADS Minor Cone: The imaginary cone that would bound the roots of an external taper thread or the crests of an internal taper thread. Minor Cylinder: The imaginary cylinder that would bound the roots of an external straight thread or the crests of an internal straight thread. Minor Diameter: On a straight thread the minor diameter is that of the minor cylinder. On a taper thread the minor diameter at a given position on the thread axis is that of the minor cone at that position. (See also Minor Cylinder and Minor Cone.) Multiple-Start Thread: A thread in which the lead is an integral multiple, other than one, of the pitch. Nominal Size: Designation used for general identification. Parallel Thread: See Screw Thread. Partial Thread: See Vanish Thread. Pitch: The pitch of a thread having uniform spacing is the distance measured parallel with its axis between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane and on the same side of the axis. Pitch is equal to the lead divided by the number of thread starts. Pitch Cone: The pitch cone is an imaginary cone of such apex angle and location of its vertex and axis that its surface would pass through a taper thread in such a manner as to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove equal. It is, therefore, located equidistantly between the sharp major and minor cones of a given thread form. On a theoretically perfect taper thread, these widths are equal to one-half the basic pitch. (See also Axis of Thread and Pitch Diameter.) Pitch Cylinder: The pitch cylinder is an imaginary cylinder of such diameter and location of its axis that its surface would pass through a straight thread in such a manner as to make the widths of the thread ridge and groove equal. It is, therefore, located equidistantly between the sharp major and minor cylinders of a given thread form. On a theoretically perfect thread these widths are equal to one-half the basic pitch. (See also Axis of Thread and Pitch Diameter.) Pitch Diameter: On a straight thread the pitch diameter is the diameter of the pitch cylinder. On a taper thread the pitch diameter at a given position on the thread axis is the diameter of the pitch cone at that position. Note: When the crest of a thread is truncated beyond the pitch line, the pitch diameter and pitch cylinder or pitch cone would be based on a theoretical extension of the thread flanks. Pitch Diameter, Functional Diameter: The functional diameter is the pitch diameter of an enveloping thread with perfect pitch, lead, and flank angles and having a specified length of engagement. It includes the cumulative effect of variations in lead (pitch), flank angle, taper, straightness, and roundness. Variations at the thread crest and root are excluded. Other, nonpreferred terms are virtual diameter, effective size, virtual effective diameter, and thread assembly diameter. Pitch Line: The generator of the cylinder or cone specified in Pitch Cylinder and Pitch Cone. Right-hand Thread: A thread is a fight-hand thread if, when viewed axially, it winds in a clockwise and receding direction. A thread is considered to be right-hand unless specifically indicated otherwise. Root: That surface of the thread which joins the flanks of adjacent thread forms and is immediately adjacent to the cylinder or cone from which the thread projects. Root Truncation: The radial distance between the sharp root (root apex) and the cylinder or cone that would bound the root. See also Sharp Root (Root Apex). Runout: As applied to screw threads, unless otherwise specified, runout refers to circular runout of major and minor cylinders with respect to the pitch cylinder. Circular runout, in accordance with ANSI Y14.5M, controls cumulative variations of circularity and coaxiality. Runout includes variations due to eccentricity and out-of-roundness. The amount of runout is usually expressed in terms of full indicator movement (FIM). Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition SCREW THREADS 1731 Screw Thread: A screw thread is a continuous and projecting helical ridge usually of uniform section on a cylindrical or conical surface. Sharp Crest (Crest Apex): The apex formed by the intersection of the flanks of a thread when extended, if necessary, beyond the crest. Sharp Root (Root Apex): The apex formed by the intersection of the adjacent flanks of adjacent threads when extended, if necessary, beyond the root. Standoff: The axial distance between specified reference points on external and internal taper thread members or gages, when assembled with a specified torque or under other specified conditions. Straight Thread: A straight thread is a screw thread projecting from a cylindrical surface. Taper Thread: A taper thread is a screw thread projecting from a conical surface. Tensile Stress Area: The tensile stress area is an arbitrarily selected area for computing the tensile strength of an externally threaded fastener so that the fastener strength is consistent with the basic material strength of the fastener. It is typically defined as a function of pitch diameter and/or minor diameter to calculate a circular cross section of the fastener correcting for the notch and helix effects of the threads. Thread: A thread is a portion of a screw thread encompassed by one pitch. On a singlestart thread it is equal to one turn. (See also Threads per Inch and Turns per Inch.) Thread Angle: See Included Angle. Thread Runout: See Vanish Thread. Thread Series: Thread Series are groups of diameter/pitch combinations distinguished from each other by the number of threads per inch applied to specific diameters. Thread Shear Area: The thread shear area is the total ridge cross-sectional area intersected by a specified cylinder with diameter and length equal to the mating thread engagement. Usually the cylinder diameter for external thread shearing is the minor diameter of the internal thread and for internal thread shearing it is the major diameter of the external thread. Threads per Inch: The number of threads per inch is the reciprocal of the axial pitch in inches. Tolerance: The total amount by which a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits. Tolerance Class: (metric): The tolerance class (metric) is the combination of a tolerance position with a tolerance grade. It specifies the allowance (fundamental deviation), pitch diameter tolerance (flank diametral displacement), and the crest diameter tolerance. Tolerance Grade: (metric): The tolerance grade (metric) is a numerical symbol that designates the tolerances of crest diameters and pitch diameters applied to the design profiles. Tolerance Limit: The variation, positive or negative, by which a size is permitted to depart from the design size. Tolerance Position: (metric): The tolerance position (metric) is a letter symbol that designates the position of the tolerance zone in relation to the basic size. This position provides the allowance (fundamental deviation). Total Thread: Includes the complete and all the incomplete thread, thus including the vanish thread and the lead thread. Transition Fit: A fit having limits of size so prescribed that either a clearance or an interference may result when mating parts are assembled. Turns per Inch: The number of turns per inch is the reciprocal of the lead in inches. Unilateral Tolerance: A tolerance in which variation is permitted in one direction from the specified dimension. Vanish Thread: (Partial Thread, Washout Thread, or Thread Runout): That portion of the incomplete thread which is not fully formed at the root or at crest and root. It is produced by the chamfer at the starting end of the thread forming tool. Virtual Diameter: See Pitch Diameter, Functional Diameter. Washout Thread: See Vanish Thread. Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
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