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110 NOTES 1. Comments by the newly-appointed Australian Foreign Minister on 14 March 2012, threatening sanctions and action by the international community should PNG defer elections scheduled for June 2012, would have been seen by some in PNG as the latest manifestation of this tendency. Senator Carr later modified his comments, such as reported in ‘PNG comment was a mistake, says Australian minister’, Radio Australia, 22 March 2012: see accessed 2 August 2012. 2. This is evidenced by public statements by Ministers, as well as the widespread reactions within the social media of PNG on such occasions.These include a number of weblogs, as well as within Facebook groups, such as Sharp Talk and Talking Edge. 3. Operation CATALYST was the ADF’s contribution to the US-led multinational effort to develop a secure and stable environment in Iraq and assist national recovery programs; Operation SLIPPER is Australia’s military contribution to the international campaign against terrorism and maritime security in the Middle East area of operations and countering piracy in the Gulf of Aden. 4. The 2009 Defence White Paper defined Australia’s immediate neighbourhood as the area it shares with Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, New Zealand and the South Pacific island states: see Australian Government, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, Department of Defence: Canberra, 2009, see accessed 2 August 2012. 5. Commonwealth of Australia, Review of the PNG-Australia Development Cooperation Treaty (1999), Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Canberra, 2010. The current aid program addresses the fundamental development challenges in PNG by improving governance and nation building, generating broad-based growth, improving service delivery and tackling the HIV epidemic. See AusAID website, accessed 22 March 2012. 6. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website, see , accessed 22 March 2012. 7. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website. 8. Australian Government, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century, p42. 9. Australian Government, Australia in the Asian Century, Australian Government: Canberra, 2012, p. 4: see accessed 31 December 2012. 10. Senator David Feeney, Parliamentary Secretary for Defence, ‘Papua New Guinea: Securing a Prosperous Future Domestic and Regional Security’, address at Deakin University, 13 April 2012. 11. Feeney, ‘Papua New Guinea’, p. 42. 12. See, for example, F. Hanson and M. Fifita, China in the Pacific: the new banker in town, Lowy Institute: Sydney, April 2011. 13. See, for example, Saibal Dasgupta, ‘China military base in the Indian Ocean?’, The Times of India, 13 December 2011: see accessed 1 August 2012. Also Amir Mir, ‘China seeks military bases in Pakistan’, Asia Times on-line, 26 October 2011: see accessed 1 August 2012. 14. See, for example, R. Shie, ‘Rising Chinese Influence in the South Pacific: Beijing’s “Island Fever”’, Asia Survey, Vol. 47, No. 2, March/April 2007, p. 322. 15. R. Ullman, ‘Redefining Security’, International Security, Vol. 8, No.1, Summer 1983, pp. 129-53. While Ullman did not coin the term ‘New Security Agenda’, his seminal work in the early 1980s helped lay the foundation for the consideration of security outside the traditional, conventional construct.
16. C. Ungerer, ‘A New Agenda for National Security’, Special Report, Australian Strategic Policy Institute: Canberra, April 2008, p. 4. 17. This is not only an issue recognised recently and by Australia. See PNG Government, 1999 White Paper: service to others, PNG Defence Force: Port Moresby, 1999, p. 35. 18. P. Alpers, Gun-running in Papua New Guinea: from Arrows to Assault Weapons in the Southern Highlands, Small Arms Survey: Geneva, June 2005, p. 64. 19. Commonwealth of Australia, Defence Annual Report 2006-07, Department of Defence: Canberra, 2007, p. 468: see accessed 15 April 2012> accessed 15 June 2012. 20. Prime Minister Julia Gillard, ‘A new chapter in Australia-PNG relations’, press release, 12 October 2011: see accessed 2 August 2012. 21. Despite this, there is certainly a degree of anti-Australian sentiment amongst younger, educated members of the PNG population, evidenced regularly on PNG social media sites and fora. 22. This issue was highlighted in an address by the Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Julie Bishop MP, ‘Australian Aid, The Pacific and PNG’, at the Australian National University on 20 June 2012: see accessed 2 August 2012. 23. This particular patrol was the subject of the privately-produced documentary by Colin Wiltshire, formerly an AusAID representative in PNG, titled ‘Silent Treatment – A Health Patrol to Deigam Village’. 24. For example I. Gridneff, ‘Aussie Aid Workers Get Boots Muddy in PNG’, The Canberra Times, 3 December 2010: see accessed 22 April 2012. 25. For instance, by assisting with the operation of forward operating bases at Vanimo in Sandaun Province and Kiunga in Western Province. 26. See, for example, initiatives as outlined on the Australian High Commission - Papua New Guinea’s website, accessed 22 March 2012. 27. Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, RAMSI Experience Invaluable for PNG Defence Force, 26 June 2009: see accessed 22 April 2012. 28. The author received positive support for this concept in personal discussions with Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Benny, PNGDF, currently Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion, the Royal Pacific Islands Regiment. 29. A recent example was a statement on a Fijian Government website, which contended that ‘[Foreign Ministers] Rudd and McCully [are] driven by their neo-colonial … agenda’: see report by ABC Radio Australia on 11 June 2011; accessed 6 May 2012. 30. Fiji has received in excess of A$254m in loans from China; PNG is currently (as at June 2012) in negotiations with China for a A$3.5bn loan to refurbish the nation’s road system. 31. J. Chandler, ‘Cuts to Foreign Aid Could Cost 250,000 Lives’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 May 2012: see accessed 13 May 2012. 32. P. Jennings, ‘Defence Priority Needs to Swing Back to our Asia-Pacific Neighbours’, The Australian, 14 May 2012, p. 12. 111
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Australia’s Maritime Strategy Vic
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CONTENTS Australian Defence Force I
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4 As usual, we have a selection of
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6 Figure 1: South-east Asia Soverei
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8 does this mean for a maritime str
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10 Vice Admiral Griggs joined the R
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12 As you have all undoubtedly obse
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14 the word ‘choice’. Does anyo
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16 to the school inspired by the Pr
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18 He was the Commanding Officer of
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20 Continental versus maritime stra
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22 MacArthur’s island-hopping cam
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24 As we look into the future, chan
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26 We proved the effectiveness of t
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28 Hornets from 75 Squadron. Our re
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30 Reframing the Defence Discourse:
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32 This perception is reinforced by
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34 However, the exact nature of a d
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36 Capability Joint Force-In- Being
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38 or problems in capability develo
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40 The budget debate: contextualisi
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42 will mean that Defence may only
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44 Counterinsurgency Lessons from t
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46 only in a selective sense. They
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48 Although there were miscalculati
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50 For these tribal societies, the
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52 10. Effendi, ‘Military Operati
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54 An overview of strategic air pow
Page 58 and 59:
56 control, oil industry and electr
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58 basis, the effectiveness of atte
Page 62 and 63: 60 31. T.M. Biddle, ‘Chapter 25 -
Page 64 and 65: 62 The US Submarine Campaign in the
Page 66 and 67: 64 The submarines were a mix of cla
Page 68 and 69: 66 based on sound bearings. Similar
Page 70 and 71: 68 Wolf packs. Early in hostilities
Page 72 and 73: 70 As Figure 4 shows, the submarine
Page 74 and 75: 72 NOTES 1. This article is an edit
Page 76 and 77: 74 33. Samuel Morrison, History of
Page 78 and 79: 76 Sea Control in Amphibious Operat
Page 80 and 81: 78 operations with some level of se
Page 82 and 83: 80 The forces of a major Asia-Pacif
Page 84 and 85: 82 20. This is based on the Governm
Page 86 and 87: 84 Coal 22 % Natural Gas 18 % Nucle
Page 88 and 89: 86 Japan has also worked hard to di
Page 90 and 91: 88 The most significant impediment
Page 92 and 93: 90 Other environmental and economic
Page 94 and 95: 92 NOTES 1. This is an abridged ver
Page 96 and 97: 94 45. ‘Last Japan nuclear reacto
Page 98 and 99: 96 This doctrine is an indicator of
Page 100 and 101: 98 addressing the challenges of the
Page 102 and 103: 100 contemporary strategic environm
Page 104 and 105: 102 11. D. Showater, ‘Prussian-Ge
Page 106 and 107: 104 Refocusing the Australia-PNG Re
Page 108 and 109: 106 and effort. Particularly within
Page 110 and 111: 108 as support to PNGDF operations,
Page 114 and 115: 112 Operating in a Degraded Informa
Page 116 and 117: 114 This increased reliance has exc
Page 118 and 119: 116 At the tactical level, there ar
Page 120 and 121: 118 2015. One year later, he advanc
Page 122 and 123: 120 Book reviews In Business and Ba
Page 124 and 125: 122 Starting with the Portuguese at
Page 126 and 127: 124 Dogfight: the Battle of Britain
Page 128 and 129: 126 Masters’ heartening conclusio
Page 130 and 131: 128 The impending centenary of the
Page 132 and 133: 130 highest level, and early German
Page 134 and 135: 132 Overall, the reader is left wit
Page 136 and 137: 134 It is a very personal history,
Page 138: GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS The Australian
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